Topic 2 Structure and bonding Flashcards
- What can link two atoms together?
a bond
- Which group of elements is stable and doesnt form compounds easily?
noble gases/group 0 in the periodic table
- How is an elements electron arrangement linked to its position in the periodic table?
Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
Elements in the same period have the same amount of electron shells.
- How do positive and negative charges affect each other?
They attract each other.
- Which sub-atomic particles of atoms take part in chemical reactions?
electrons
- What is an ion?
an atom that is charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons
- What happens when an ionic bond is formed?
One atom loses electrons to another atom to form oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
- Which kinds of elements are usually involved in the formation of ionic bonds?
metals and non-metals
- How is a positive ion formed and what is it called?
formed by the loss of electrons; cation
- How is a negative ion formed and what is it called?
formed by the gain of electrons; anion
- What are the forces called that hold ions together?
electrostatic forces / electrostatic attractions / ionic bond
- Why do atoms form ions?
to become more stable (like a noble gas)
- Explain why group 1 elements such as sodium and lithium form a 1+ ion.
They both have one electron in their outer shell and lose it to become stable.
- What are the charges on calcium, oxide and chloride ions?
2+, 2- and 1-
- What structure of regularly repeating ions do ionic compounds form?
lattice structure / ionic lattice
- What is the formula of the nitrate ion?
NO3-
- What is the general name for a positive ion?
cation
- What is the general name for a negative ion?
anion
- What is the charge on the ions of elements in group 1 of the periodic table?
+1
- What is the charge on the ions of elements in group 6 of the periodic table?
-2
- What happens to the electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms when they form ions?
they are lost
- What is the name of the ionic compound containing calcium and bromine only?
calcium bromide
- What is the name of the ionic compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen?
potassium chlorate (any element combined with oxygen is an ___ate )
- What does a bond do in an element or compound?
holds atoms together
- What are electrostatic forces of attraction?
attractions between positive and negative charges (positive and negative ions)
- Which part of an atoms structure is most involved when two atoms react?
the electrons (because they are on the outside of atoms)
- How many electrons are in the outer shell of the elements in groups 5, 6 and 7?
5, 6 and 7
- What kind of electron arrangement is most stable?
a complete/full outer shell
- What is the molecular formula of the very common compound formed between hydrogen and oxygen?
H2O
- How many more electrons does an oxygen atom need to get a complete outer shell?
2 more (it gains two electrons and becomes a 2- ion)
- What are molecules?
groups of atoms held together by (covalent) bonds
- Which type of atoms are covalent bonds found between
non-metal and non-metal
- What is a covalent bond?
a shared pair of electrons
- What happens to electrons between two atoms in a covalent bond
they are shared
- What kinds of elements usually form molecules?
non-metals
- What kinds of bonds are found in molecules?
- What kinds of bonds are found between molecules?
covalent bonds are found holding the atoms together in molecules.
intermolecular forces are found between molecules.
- What is the name of the type of bond formed by sharing electron pairs within molecules?
covalent bond
- What term describes the number of atoms of each element bonded together in a molecule?
molecular formula (e.g. the molecular formula of a molecule of water is H2O)
- In oxygen and carbon dioxide, the atoms share two pairs of electrons. How do we describe these bonds?
double bonds (represented by = in a displayed formula)
- What is the name of the force that holds molecules together in gases and liquids
intermolecular force
- How strong are the forces of attraction between molecules compared to the bonds within molecules?
They are relatively weak. (Covalent bonds holding atoms together are strong / Intermolecular forces holding molecules together are weak)
- Are simple molecules usually good conductors of electricity at room temperature?
No, they are poor conductors of electricity (as they have no charged particles)
- In what types of bonds are pairs of electrons shared?
covalent bonds
- What are intermolecular forces?
forces of attraction between molecules
- Do simple molecules have strong intermolecular forces between them?
No. They are described as weak.
- Why are simple molecules poor conductors of electricity?
There are no charge carriers.
- What can you say about the formula of small, simple molecules?
They are fixed.
- What type of bonding is between the atoms in a molecule of water?
covalent
- What type of structure does water have?
simple molecular / simple covalent
- What strength of forces are there between different molecules of water?
weak (weak intermolecular forces)
- Does pure water conduct electricity?
no (Most water contains dissolved ions which makes it conduct. Pure water has no charge carriers)
- What type of structure do diamond and graphite have?
giant covalent, giant molecular
- What does the term malleable mean?
can be hammered or bent into a different shape
- What type of bonding does copper have?
metallic
- What atoms does metallic bonding happen between?
metal and metal (i.e it is found in metals!)
- What holds ions of metals together in a metallic bond?
a sea of delocalised electrons
- Why can metals conduct electricity?
electrons are free to move and carry charge
- What is a metallic bond?
the attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons
- What are the particles inside a metal?
metal ions surrounded by sea of electrons
- Metals are ductile. What does ductile mean?
It can be drawn for example into wires
- What can graphite by used as a conductor of electricity?
An electrode in electrolysis.
- What happens to the particles during melting?
During melting the particles gain energy and more about move so they can move over each other
- How is nitrogen and oxygen obtained from the air?
Fractional distillation of their liquid forms, cool air down first.
- Why does oxygen have a low boiling point?
There are weak forces of attraction between the oxygen molecules.
