topic 2 - pmt definitions Flashcards

1
Q

active immunity

A

a form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen

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2
Q

active transport

A

the active movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (up their concentration gradient) with the use of energy in the form of ATP

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3
Q

agglutination

A

the clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assist phagocytes

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4
Q

antibody

A

a protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as a part of the immune response

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5
Q

binary fission

A

the method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division

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6
Q

cell cycle

A

the series of stages preparing the cell for division consisting of interphase and mitosis

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7
Q

cell surface membrane

A

a phospholipid villager studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separated them from their environment

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8
Q

cell vacuole

A

a membrane bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap

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9
Q

cell wall

A

a permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae and fungi cells made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the cell

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10
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis

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11
Q

clonal expansion

A

the production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection

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12
Q

clonal selection

A

the process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes

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13
Q

co-transport

A

a method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite direction

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells

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15
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) through transport proteins without the use of energy

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16
Q

flagella

A

a whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement

17
Q

fluid-mosaic model

A

a model that describes membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins

18
Q

golgi apparatus

A

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins

19
Q

helper T cell

A

a type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells and phagocytes

20
Q

herd immunity

A

a type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals

21
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

a virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

22
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme

23
Q

magnification

A

how much bigger an image appears compared to the original object
calculated using the following formula:
image size = actual size × magnification

24
Q

mitochondria

A

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration

25
mitosis
the part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA
26
monoclonal antibodies
identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell
27
nucleus
an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope
28
osmosis
the passive diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential (down a water potential gradient) through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy
29
passive immunity
a form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body
30
phagocytosis
the process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material
31
plasmids
a circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
32
primary immune response
the response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time
33
resolution
the ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen
34
ribosomes
organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins
35
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins
36
secondary immune response
the response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen that it has encountered before
37
simple diffusion
the passive spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) without the use of energy
38
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
a membrane-bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis
39
vaccine
the introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity