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exams biology 9-1 > topic 2 organisation > Flashcards

topic 2 organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

the lungs are protected by

A

ribcage

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2
Q

what happens to oxyhaemoglobin in body cells

A

it splits into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells

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3
Q

what is the big disadvantage of an artificial heart (2)

A
  • surgery can lead t bleeding and infection

- don’t work as effectively and some of the heart can wear out or the electric motor could fail

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4
Q

what do glands do

A

produces digestive juices

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5
Q

stents are a way of …

A

lowering the risk of a heart attack in people with coronary heart disease

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6
Q

what do arteries contain thick layers of

A

muscle to make them strong

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7
Q

the right ventricle pumps what kind of blood and where

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen

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8
Q

statins reduce …. in the blood

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

what is the blood clot called that develops next to a stent

A

thrombosis

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10
Q

what are stents

A

tubes inserted into arteries- they keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles

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11
Q

what 2 places are lipases made in

A
  • pancreas

- small intestine

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12
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by

A

pleural membranes

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13
Q

what do antitoxins do

A

neutralise toxins produced by microorganisms

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14
Q

what does the stomach do with its muscular walls

A

it pummels the food with its muscular walls

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15
Q

what does bile do to the stomach acid

A

it neutralises the

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16
Q

what part of the body does smoking damage

A

it damages the walls of the arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs

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17
Q

2) the atria … pushing blood into the ….

A

contract

ventricles

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18
Q

the left ventricle pumps what kind of blood

A

oxygenated blood all around the body

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19
Q

starch ————-> (amylase)

A

maltose

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20
Q

when a patient has an artificial heart what must they take

A

drugs to thin their blood to make sure blood flow is okay however, this can cause problems with bleeding

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21
Q

how are stents effective

A

they are effective for a long time and the recovery time from the surgery is quick

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22
Q

why do the walls of the VEINS not have to be as thick as the artery walls

A

because blood is at a lower pressure in the veins

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23
Q

what 3 places is amylase made in

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
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24
Q

what makes sure that the blood gets oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

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25
Q

the factors that damage valves cause what damage (2)

A
  • the damage may cause the valve tissue to stiffen, so it won’t open properly
  • or a valve may become leaky allowing blood to flow in both directions rather than just forward
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26
Q

lips ———>

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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27
Q

3 disadvantages of stents

A
  • heart attack during surgery
  • risk of infection from surgery
  • risk of developing a blood clot near the stent
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28
Q

what are platelets

A

small fragments of cells

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29
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up

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30
Q

3 disadvantages of statins

A
  • have to be taken everyday
  • serious side effects like kidney failure
  • don’t work instantly
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31
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do

A

it makes the pH of the stomach too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work properly

32
Q

having too much bad cholesterol in the bloodstream is bad because …

A

it can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries which can lead to coronary heart disease

33
Q

proteins ———->

A

amino acids

34
Q

what does coronary heart disease do to the arteries

A

it causes the arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle- this could result in a heart attack

35
Q

what is the 1 difference between red blood cells and WHITE BLOOD CELLS

A

white blood cells have a nucleus

36
Q

amylase breaks down

A

starch

37
Q

what 3 places is proteases made on

A
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
38
Q

what is artificial blood

A

a blood substitute e.g. a salt solution which is used to replace the lost volume of blood

39
Q

advantages of statins- reducing the amount of bad cholesterol, statins can reduce …

A

the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks

40
Q

why is a biconcave shape god for blood

A

it provides a large surface area for absorbing more oxygen

41
Q

2 reasons why the stomach produces hydrochloric acid

A
  • to kill bacteria

- the give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

42
Q

what doe the cells that act as a pacemaker in the right atrium do

A

these cells produce a small electric current which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract

43
Q

what enzyme does the stomach produce

A

protease enzyme, pepsin

44
Q

what do platelets do

A

they help the blood to clot at a wound- to stop blood pouring out and and to stop microorganisms getting in

45
Q

what do capillaries do to food and oxygen

A

they supply food and oxygen and take away waste like co2

46
Q

where in the body does haemoglobin bind to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

A

in the lungs

47
Q

what are statins

A

they are a drug that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

48
Q

what does the glandular tissue do

A

it makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

49
Q

why is it good the bile emulsifies fats into tinier droplets

A

it gives a bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on- which makes digestion faster

50
Q

how can alcohol affect the brain

A

it can damage the nerve cells in the brain, causing the brain to lose volume

51
Q

what 2 features do arteries have

A
  • thick layers of muscle

- elastic fibres

52
Q

3) the ventricles …. forcing the blood in the …

A

contract

pulmonary artery and the aorta, and out of the heart

53
Q

3 features of an artery wall

A
  • strong
  • elastic
  • thick walls
54
Q

where does the air that you breathe in go through

A

the tranchea then splits into two tubes called bronchi

55
Q

at what pressure does the heart pump blood

A

at a high pressure

56
Q

why do veins have a bigger lumen than of arteries

A

to help the blood flow despite the lower pressure

57
Q

how does a capillaries wall increase the rate of diffusion

A

by decreasing the distance over which diffusion occurs

58
Q

what does the gladular tissue do

A

makes digestive juices to digest food

59
Q

advantages of statins- by reducing the amount of bad cholesterol, statins can INCREASE the amount of ….

A

beneficial cholesterol (HDL cholesterol)- this type can remove bad cholesterol from the blood

60
Q

what is the big advantage of an artificial heart

A

they are less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system because they are made from metals and plastics

61
Q

proteases converts … into …

A

proteins into amino acids

62
Q

why do capillaries have permeable walls

A

so substances can diffuse in and out

63
Q

in artificial heart as blood doesn’t flow as smoothly through what can this cause

A

this can cause blood clots and lead to strokes

64
Q

1) where does the blood flow into first

A

the 2 atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein

65
Q

amylase is a type of …

A

carbohydrase

66
Q

as organisms get larger what happens to their surface are:volume

A

it falls

67
Q

what kind of oxygen passes into the filament of fish

A

deoxygenated blood

68
Q

3 adaptations of filaments to increase the rate of diffusion

A
  • large surface area
  • they have a thin membrane to provide a short diffusion pathway
  • efficient blood supply
69
Q

why do the filaments in fish have an efficient blood supply

A

to take the oxygenated blood away. This ensures that the concentration gradient is always high

70
Q

what is a substrate

A

the chemical that the enzyme breaks down

71
Q

what do enzymes do

A

they catalyse (speed up) the rate of a chemical reaction

72
Q

what is the lock and key theory

A

because enzymes are specific- the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site

73
Q

what are proteins

A

long chains of chemicals called amino acids

74
Q

what does starch consist of

A

a chain of glucose molecules

75
Q

what does a lipid molecule consist of

A

1 glycerol molecule, 3 fatty acid molecules

76
Q

what does bile help to do

A

speed up the digestion of lipids

exams biology 9-1 (7 decks)

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