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exams biology 9-1 > topic 2 organisation > Flashcards

topic 2 organisation Flashcards

1
Q

the lungs are protected by

A

ribcage

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2
Q

what happens to oxyhaemoglobin in body cells

A

it splits into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells

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3
Q

what is the big disadvantage of an artificial heart (2)

A
  • surgery can lead t bleeding and infection

- don’t work as effectively and some of the heart can wear out or the electric motor could fail

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4
Q

what do glands do

A

produces digestive juices

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5
Q

stents are a way of …

A

lowering the risk of a heart attack in people with coronary heart disease

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6
Q

what do arteries contain thick layers of

A

muscle to make them strong

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7
Q

the right ventricle pumps what kind of blood and where

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen

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8
Q

statins reduce …. in the blood

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

what is the blood clot called that develops next to a stent

A

thrombosis

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10
Q

what are stents

A

tubes inserted into arteries- they keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles

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11
Q

what 2 places are lipases made in

A
  • pancreas

- small intestine

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12
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by

A

pleural membranes

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13
Q

what do antitoxins do

A

neutralise toxins produced by microorganisms

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14
Q

what does the stomach do with its muscular walls

A

it pummels the food with its muscular walls

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15
Q

what does bile do to the stomach acid

A

it neutralises the

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16
Q

what part of the body does smoking damage

A

it damages the walls of the arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs

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17
Q

2) the atria … pushing blood into the ….

A

contract

ventricles

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18
Q

the left ventricle pumps what kind of blood

A

oxygenated blood all around the body

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19
Q

starch ————-> (amylase)

A

maltose

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20
Q

when a patient has an artificial heart what must they take

A

drugs to thin their blood to make sure blood flow is okay however, this can cause problems with bleeding

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21
Q

how are stents effective

A

they are effective for a long time and the recovery time from the surgery is quick

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22
Q

why do the walls of the VEINS not have to be as thick as the artery walls

A

because blood is at a lower pressure in the veins

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23
Q

what 3 places is amylase made in

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
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24
Q

what makes sure that the blood gets oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

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25
the factors that damage valves cause what damage (2)
- the damage may cause the valve tissue to stiffen, so it won't open properly - or a valve may become leaky allowing blood to flow in both directions rather than just forward
26
lips --------->
fatty acids and glycerol
27
3 disadvantages of stents
- heart attack during surgery - risk of infection from surgery - risk of developing a blood clot near the stent
28
what are platelets
small fragments of cells
29
what is coronary heart disease
when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
30
3 disadvantages of statins
- have to be taken everyday - serious side effects like kidney failure - don't work instantly
31
what does hydrochloric acid do
it makes the pH of the stomach too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work properly
32
having too much bad cholesterol in the bloodstream is bad because ...
it can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries which can lead to coronary heart disease
33
proteins ---------->
amino acids
34
what does coronary heart disease do to the arteries
it causes the arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle- this could result in a heart attack
35
what is the 1 difference between red blood cells and WHITE BLOOD CELLS
white blood cells have a nucleus
36
amylase breaks down
starch
37
what 3 places is proteases made on
- stomach - pancreas - small intestine
38
what is artificial blood
a blood substitute e.g. a salt solution which is used to replace the lost volume of blood
39
advantages of statins- reducing the amount of bad cholesterol, statins can reduce ...
the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
40
why is a biconcave shape god for blood
it provides a large surface area for absorbing more oxygen
41
2 reasons why the stomach produces hydrochloric acid
- to kill bacteria | - the give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work
42
what doe the cells that act as a pacemaker in the right atrium do
these cells produce a small electric current which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract
43
what enzyme does the stomach produce
protease enzyme, pepsin
44
what do platelets do
they help the blood to clot at a wound- to stop blood pouring out and and to stop microorganisms getting in
45
what do capillaries do to food and oxygen
they supply food and oxygen and take away waste like co2
46
where in the body does haemoglobin bind to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
in the lungs
47
what are statins
they are a drug that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
48
what does the glandular tissue do
it makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
49
why is it good the bile emulsifies fats into tinier droplets
it gives a bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on- which makes digestion faster
50
how can alcohol affect the brain
it can damage the nerve cells in the brain, causing the brain to lose volume
51
what 2 features do arteries have
- thick layers of muscle | - elastic fibres
52
3) the ventricles .... forcing the blood in the ...
contract | pulmonary artery and the aorta, and out of the heart
53
3 features of an artery wall
- strong - elastic - thick walls
54
where does the air that you breathe in go through
the tranchea then splits into two tubes called bronchi
55
at what pressure does the heart pump blood
at a high pressure
56
why do veins have a bigger lumen than of arteries
to help the blood flow despite the lower pressure
57
how does a capillaries wall increase the rate of diffusion
by decreasing the distance over which diffusion occurs
58
what does the gladular tissue do
makes digestive juices to digest food
59
advantages of statins- by reducing the amount of bad cholesterol, statins can INCREASE the amount of ....
beneficial cholesterol (HDL cholesterol)- this type can remove bad cholesterol from the blood
60
what is the big advantage of an artificial heart
they are less likely to be rejected by the body's immune system because they are made from metals and plastics
61
proteases converts ... into ...
proteins into amino acids
62
why do capillaries have permeable walls
so substances can diffuse in and out
63
in artificial heart as blood doesn't flow as smoothly through what can this cause
this can cause blood clots and lead to strokes
64
1) where does the blood flow into first
the 2 atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
65
amylase is a type of ...
carbohydrase
66
as organisms get larger what happens to their surface are:volume
it falls
67
what kind of oxygen passes into the filament of fish
deoxygenated blood
68
3 adaptations of filaments to increase the rate of diffusion
- large surface area - they have a thin membrane to provide a short diffusion pathway - efficient blood supply
69
why do the filaments in fish have an efficient blood supply
to take the oxygenated blood away. This ensures that the concentration gradient is always high
70
what is a substrate
the chemical that the enzyme breaks down
71
what do enzymes do
they catalyse (speed up) the rate of a chemical reaction
72
what is the lock and key theory
because enzymes are specific- the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site
73
what are proteins
long chains of chemicals called amino acids
74
what does starch consist of
a chain of glucose molecules
75
what does a lipid molecule consist of
1 glycerol molecule, 3 fatty acid molecules
76
what does bile help to do
speed up the digestion of lipids

exams biology 9-1 (7 decks)

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