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GCSE Triple Higher Biology > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Amylase?

A

An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars.

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2
Q

What is the Aorta?

A

The main artery that take oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

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3
Q

What does Artery do?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart.

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4
Q

What is a Benign Tumour?

A

An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and does not invade other areas of the body.

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5
Q

What is Bile?

A

A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to
neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats.

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6
Q

What is the Blood?

A

A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.

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7
Q

Definition of Cancer?

A

A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to
uncontrolled growth and division.

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8
Q

What is the Capillary?

A

A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances.

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9
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of all living organisms.

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10
Q

What are Communicable Diseases?

A

A disease that can be spread between individual either directly or indirectly.

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11
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A

A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits
inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue.

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12
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms.

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13
Q

What is Health?

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing.

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14
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.

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15
Q

What is Lipase?

A

An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol.

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16
Q

What is the “Lock and Key Theory”?

A

A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.

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17
Q

What is a Malignant Tumour?

A

A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood.

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18
Q

What are Meristem Tissue?

A

Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells.

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19
Q

The definition of Metabolism?

A

All of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.

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20
Q

What is a Non - Communicable Disease?

A

A disease which cannot be spread between individuals.

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21
Q

What are Organs?

A

Many tissues combined to preform specific functions.

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22
Q

What is the Organ System?

A

Groups of organs that work together to form organisms.

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23
Q

What is the Palisade Mesophyll?

A

A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised to carry out photosynthesis.

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24
Q

What does the Phloem do?

A

A transport tissue found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars from source to sink.

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25
What does Protease do?
An enzyme produced in the stomach and pancreas that breaks proteins down into amino acids.
26
What does the Pulmonary Artery do?
The main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
27
What does the Pulmonary Vein do?
The main vein that take oxygenated blood back to the heart form the lungs.
28
What is the Rate of Reaction?
The speed at which reactants are converted into products.
29
What is a Risk Factor?
Something that increases a person’s risk of developing a disease.
30
What does the Spongy Mesophyll do?
A tissue found in plant leaves that specialised for gas exchange.
31
What are Statins?
A class of drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
32
What do Stents do?
A tube that can be surgically implanted into blood vessels to keep them open.
33
What is the Tissue?
A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
34
What is Translocation?
The movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue.
35
What is Transpiration?
The process of water evaporating form a plant.
36
What does the vein do?
A blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure back to the heart.
37
What is the role of the Vena Cava?
The main vein that takes deoxygenated bloody back to heart from the body.
38
What is the role of the Xylem?
A transport tissue in plants which is specialised to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the leaves.
39
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained form digestion.
40
What is the role of the stomach.
It produce hydrochloric acid which kills any bacteria present and provide the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function.
41
What is the role of the live in the digestive system?
Produces bile which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently.
42
What are the Four chambers in the heart?
- Left Atrium - Right Atrium - Left Ventricle - Right Ventricle
43
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?
The left ventricle has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body.
44
What are the Four main blood vessels?
- Aorta (Left) = carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the body. - Pulmonary Vein (Left) = Carries oxygenated blood from he lung to the heart. - Vena Cava (Right) = Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. -Pulmonary Artery (Right) = Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
45
What is the purpose of Valves in the heart?
Prevent the backflow of blood.
46
What is the natural resting heart rate?
70 Beats Per Minute
47
How is the heart rate controlled?
Heart rate is controlled by the natural pacemaker found in the right atrium. It release wave of electrical activity that cause heart muscle to contract.
48
What are the 3 Blood Vessels?
- Arteries - Veins - Capillaries
49
How are arteries adapted for their function?
- Function: Carry blood away from the heart. - Thick Muscle Layer: Adds strength to resist high pressure. - Thick Elastic Layer: Allows arteries to stretch and recoil in order to withstand high pressure.
50
How are veins adapted for their function?
- Function: Carry blood towards the heat. - Wide Lumen: Enables Low Pressure - Valves: Prevent backflow of blood.
51
How are capillaries adapted for their function?
- Function: Enable transfer of substances between the blood and tissues. - Walls are one cell thick: Short Diffusion Path - Permeable Walls: Substance can diffuse across. - Narrow Lumen: Blood moves slowly meaning more time for diffusion.
52
What substance carries the different components of blood around the body?
Plasma
53
What substances are transported by plasma?
- Red Blood Cells - White Blood Cells - Platelets - Carbon Dioxide - Urea - Products of Digestion
54
What is Plasma?
A yellow liquid within blood that transports substance around the body.
55
How are red blood cells adapted for their function?
- Biconcave shape for increased surface area to volume ratio. - No Nucleus means more room for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen - Contains haemoglobin and it binds to oxygen
56
What are white blood cells?
They form part of the immune system which protect the body from invading pathogens.
57
How are white blood cells adapted to there function?
- Have a nucleus - Can produce antibodies - Can produce antitoxins - Can engulf and digest pathogens
58
Purpose of platelets?
Platelets are small cell fragment which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.
59
What is Coronary Heart Disease?
Coronary Heart Disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a build up of fatty material. This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heard leading to heart attacks and death.
60
Positives and Negatives of Stents?
Advantages - Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic. - Quick recovery Time - Lower risk of a heart attack Disadvantage - Risk of infection - Risk of blood clots at the site of the stent
61
What are statins?
Statins are drugs which reduce the level of bad cholesterol which contributes to the development or coronary heart disease.
62
What types of valves can replace leaky valves?
Mechanical - Made of metal or polymers Biological - taken from animals or sometimes humans
63
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?
Advantages - Less likely to be rejected by immune system - Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery Disadvantages - Risk of infection due to surgery - Risk of blood clots - Have to take blood thinners
64
What is a risk factor?
A risk factor is an aspect of a person's lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of a disease.
65
What is cancer?
Cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division.
66
What is the Epidermal Tissue.
It covers the entire plant and it has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water loss from the leaf surface.
67
What is the palisade mesophyll tissue adapted for it's function?
Palisade Mesophyll tissue contains lots of chloroplast which allows photosynthesis to progress at a rapid rate.
68
How is the spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for it's function?
Spongy mesophyll tissue has lots of air spaces which allow gases to diffuse in and out.
69
How is the xylem adapted to it's function?
- Made up of dead cells which form a hollow tube and allow water also mineral ions to move from the routes to the leaves - Bordered pits to allow minerals to be transported to specific places.
70
What tissues does the leaf organ contain?
- Epidermis - Palisade Mesophyll - Spongy Mesophyll - Xylem - Phloem - Guard Cells
71
What are guard cells?
They control the opening and closing of the stomata, according to the water content of the plant.
72
How does transpiration work?
Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the stomata. Water molecules get pulled up the xylem so then more water is taken from the soil creating a continuous transpiration stream.

GCSE Triple Higher Biology (8 decks)

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