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Biology > Topic 2 (Organisation) > Flashcards

Topic 2 (Organisation) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell organisation

A

Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems

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2
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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3
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Enzyme are large proteins made up of chains of amino acids

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4
Q

When do enzymes work best

A

At the optimum temperature and optimum ph level

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5
Q

Rate of reaction equation

A

Rate of reaction =
1000/
Time

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6
Q

What do digestive enzymes do

A

Break down big molecules such as starch proteins and fats

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7
Q

What breaks down carbohydrates

A

Amylase is an example of carbohydrate, it breaks down starch. It is made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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8
Q

What breaks down protein

A

Protease breaks down protein into amino acids, it is produced in the stomach, pancreas and the small intestine

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9
Q

What breaks down lipids

A

Lipase breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. It is produced in the pancreas and the small intestine

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10
Q

What does bile do

A

•Bile, produced in the liver, is stalled in the gall bladder before it’s released into the small intestine
•The hydrochloric acid in the stomach makes the ph too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work properly. Bile is alkaline, it neutralises the acid and makes conditions alkaline which is ideal for the enzymes in the small intestine
•It emulsifies fats, in other words, breaks fats down into tiny droplets to create a much bigger surface area of fat for lipase to work on which make digestion faster

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11
Q

What is the catalyst for digestion

A

Enzymes are natural catalysts

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12
Q

What tests for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution
Blue to brick red

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13
Q

What tests for starch

A

Iodine
Orange to black

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14
Q

What tests for proteins

A

Bitters reagent
Blue to purple

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15
Q

How does blood flow around the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava. The right atrium contracts pushing blood into the right ventricle. The blood flows through the pulmonary artery out of the heart to the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place and the blood becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. The left atrium contracts at the same time as the right atrium, this pushes blood into the left ventricle. The oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta where it goes to the rest of the body.

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16
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A

•Arteries-Carry blood away from the heart
•Veins-Carry blood towards the heart
•Capillaries-Involved in exchange of materials at the tissues

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17
Q

Properties of arteries

A

•Thick, strong elastic walls to withstand the high blood pressure in which the blood is pumped through them
•Narrow lumen
•Walls contain elastic fibres which allow them to stretch and spring back

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18
Q

Properties of veins

A

•Thin walls as blood pressure is lower in the veins
•Wide lumen to help blood flow despite lower pressure
•Have valves to prevent back flow of blood

19
Q

Properties of capillaries

A

•Extremely small, one cell thick
•Permeable walls, can exchange substances

20
Q

Red blood cells

A

Biconcave shape giving them a large surface area, no nucleus so they have more room to carry oxygen. They contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. There main function is to transport oxygen around the body

21
Q

White blood cells

A

Defend against pathogens. Phagocytes engulf pathogens whilst others produce antibodies to fight microorganisms aswell as antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganisms

22
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of cells with no nucleus.
Help blood clot at a wound to stop infection. Lack of platelets can cause excessive bruising and bleeding

23
Q

Plasma

A

Pale straw coloured liquid which carries everything around. It carries:
•Red and White blood cells
•Platelets
•Nutrients like glucose and amino acids
•Carbon Dioxide
•Urea
•Hormones
•Proteins
•Antibodies and Antitoxins

24
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease

A

CHD is when the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heat get blocked by a build up of fatty material. This causes the arteries to become narrow, restricted blood flow can lead to lack of oxygen and therefore heart failure

25
Q

What are stents

A

Stents keep arteries open, they are little tubes that are inserted inside arteries allowing blood to pass through to the heart which keeps the persons heart beating. They are great for lowering risk of heart attack in people with CHD as they last a long time. Only problem is any complications during the operation

26
Q

What are statins

A

Statins are drugs that reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol present in the bloodstream which slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming in the coronary arteries

27
Q

What are the advantages of statins

A

•Reducing LDL cholesterol in the blood, reduces risk of CHD, Strokes and Heart Attacks
•As well as reducing LDL cholesterol it also increases the amount of HDL cholesterol

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins

A

•Have to be taken regularly, patient could forget to take them
•Statins can have negative side effects e.g headaches or even more serious side effects such as kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss
•The effect of statins isn’t instant

29
Q

What are the two ways to help heart failure

A

•Heart transplant
•Artificial Heart

30
Q

Faulty heart valves

A

Valves can be weakened by heart attacks, infection and old age. Replacement valves can be biological or mechanical

31
Q

What can smoking cause

A

Lung can cancer

32
Q

What can obesity lead to

A

Type 2 diabetes

33
Q

What can drinking too much cause

A

Liver disease

34
Q

What can overexposure to radiation cause

A

Cancer

35
Q

What is cancer

A

The uncontrollable rapid division of cells

36
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

A non cancerous tumour which stays in one place

37
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

A cancerous tumour which spreads alto neighbouring healthy tissues

38
Q

What is the epidermal tissue

A

Tissue which covers the whole plant

39
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll tissue

A

The part of the leaf where photosynthesis takes place

40
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Part of the leaf containing large air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

41
Q

What do xylem and phloem do

A

Transport water and minerals around the plant

42
Q

What is the meristem tissue

A

Meristem tissue is found in the tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into different types of plant cell

43
Q

What is transpiration

A

Loss of water by evaporation and/or diffusion

44
Q

What are the 4 main factors that affect transpiration

A

•Light intensity
•Temperature
•Air Flow
•Humidity

Biology (6 decks)

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