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Biology > Topic 5 (Homeostasis And Response) > Flashcards

Topic 5 (Homeostasis And Response) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Regulating conditions inside your body to maintain a stable internal environment

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2
Q

What is negative feedback

A

When the level of something in your body is too high or too low your body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal

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3
Q

What is the CNS

A

The central nervous system, it consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is connected to the body by sensory and motor neurones

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4
Q

What are sensory neurones

A

Neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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5
Q

What are motor neurones

A

Neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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6
Q

What are effectors

A

All your muscles and glands which respond to nervous impulses

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7
Q

What are receptors

A

Receptors are the cells that detect stimuli

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8
Q

What is a stimulus

A

A change in the environment

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9
Q

How does the CNS coordinate a response

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory Neurone
CNS
Motor Neurone
Effector
Response

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10
Q

What is a synapse

A

A synapse is the connection between two neurones, the nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the synapse.

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11
Q

What are reflexes

A

Automatic and rapid responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain. They reduce chance of being injured

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12
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

Stimulus
Sensory Neurone
Relay Neurone
Motor Neurone
Effector
Response
The reflex arc bypasses the CNS

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13
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

The outer wrinkly bit of the brain, it is is responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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14
Q

What is the medulla

A

The long but next to the spinal cord, the medulla is responsible for unconscious activities such as breathing and heartbeat

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15
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

The circular but at the back of the brain, the cerebellum is responsible for muscle coordination

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16
Q

What is the sclera

A

The thick, tough supporting wall of the eye

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17
Q

What is the cornea

A

The transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye, it refracts light into the eye

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18
Q

What is the iris

A

The iris contains muscles that allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore how much light enters the eye

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19
Q

What is the lens

A

The lens focused light onto the retina which contains receptor cells sensitive to light intensity and colour

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20
Q

How is the lens shape controlled

A

By ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

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21
Q

What is the optic nerve

A

The optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

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22
Q

How does the iris adjust to bright light

A

The circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax to narrow the pupil to slow less light into the eye

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23
Q

How does the iris adjust to dim light

A

The radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax making the pupil wider to allow more light into the eye

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24
Q

To look at near objects what do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do

A

The ciliary muscles contract which slackens the suspensory ligaments. The lens becomes fat and curved. This increase the amount by which it refracts the light

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25
Q

To look at far objects what do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do

A

The ciliary muscles relax which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight, this makes the lens thin and less curved so it refracts light by a smaller amount

26
Q

What is hyperopia

A

Long Sightedness or Hyperopia is when someone struggles to see objects that are near. This happens when the light isn’t refracted enough and can be fixed with a convex lens.

27
Q

What is myopia

A

Myopia or short sightedness is when people are unable to see objects that are far away. It occurs when the lens refracts to much light and can be fixed with a concave lens

28
Q

When you’re too hot what responses happen in the body

A

•Hair lies flat
•Increased sweating
•Vasodilation so more heat is lost through radiation

29
Q

When you’re too cold what responses happen in the body

A

•Hair stands tall to create an insulating layer of air
•Little to no sweat production
•Vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss through radiation
•Shiver, transfers energy to warm the body

30
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are carried in the blood and target specific cells in specific organs

31
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

It releases many hormones that regulate body conditions, sometimes known as the master gland

32
Q

What does the thyroid do

A

Produced thyroxine which is involved in regulating the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

33
Q

What does the adrenal gland do

A

Produces adrenaline which is used to prepare body for flight or fight response

34
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Releases insulin to regulate blood glucose concentration

35
Q

What do the ovaries do

A

Produce oestrogen which is involves in the menustration cycle

36
Q

What do the testes do

A

Produce testosterone which controls puberty in males

37
Q

How are nerves and hormones different in the way they carry messages

A

Nerves are faster, they act for a short time to a very precise area. Hormones are slower, they act for a long time and act in a more general way

38
Q

How is blood glucose concentration controlled after a meal

A

•After a meal containing carbohydrates, blood glucose concentration increases
•Too counteract this the pancreas releases insulin causing the blood glucose level to plummet below normal level
•The pancreas then releases glucagon which causes the blood glucose level to rise back to normal

39
Q

What do the kidneys do

A

The kidneys make urine by taking waste substances out of your blood such as Urea, Ions and Water

40
Q

How is the concentration of urine controlled

A

Anti-diuretic hormone, this is released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.If the water content in the body is too low it will release more ADH so more water is re absorbed by the kidney tubules before the irons is passed.

41
Q

How does a dialysis machine filter the blood

A

•Dialysis had to be done regularly to keep concentrations of substances in the blood to the normal level
•In a dialysis machine a persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes surrounded by dialysis fluid
•The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood
•This means that useful dissolved ions and glucose won’t be lost during dialysis
•Only waste substances diffuse across the barrier

42
Q

What are the benifits of kidney transplant

A

•Permanent
•One time solution
•Cheaper

43
Q

What are the problems with kidney transplant

A

•Risk if rejection
•Risk if infection
•Long waiting lists

44
Q

What are the problems with dialysis

A

•A lot of time per week
•Blood clots
•Nerve damage
•Doesn’t always work
•Expensive

45
Q

What are the benefits of dialysis

A

•Buys person with kidney failure time until a donor can be found

46
Q

What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle

A

•Stage 1-Menstruation starts, the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
•Stage 2-The uterus lining builds up again, from day 4-14, into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg
•Stage 3-An egg develops and is released from the ovary
•Stage 4-The uterus lining is maintained for 14 days until day 28, if no fertilised egg has landed by this point the cycle starts again

47
Q

What four hormones control the menstrual cycle

A

FSH
Oestrogen
LH
Progesterone

48
Q

What does FSH do

A

Follicle stimulating hormone or FSH is:
•produced in the pituitary gland
•causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries
•stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

49
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Oestrogen is:
•produced in the ovaries
•causes the lining of the uterus to grow
•stimulates release of LH and inhibits release of FSH

50
Q

What does LH do

A

Luteinising Hormone or LH is:
•produced by the pituitary gland
•stimulates the release of an egg -Day 14

51
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Progesterone is
•produced by the ovaries
•it maintains the lining of the uterus
•inhibits release of LH and FSH

52
Q

What are 4 methods of decreasing fertility

A

•Hormones pills (Oestrogen and Progesterone)
•Hormone patches(Oestrogen and Progesterone)
•Barriers
•Sterilisation

53
Q

What is IVF

A

•It involves taking the eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm
•The fertilised eggs are grown into eggs in a lab
•The embryos are transferred to the uterus

54
Q

What is fight or flight

A

Fight or flight situations are scenarios where you are scared or stressed, the body prepares for fight or flight by increasing oxygen and glucose in the muscles

55
Q

What is auxin

A

Auxin is a plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of the shoots and roots, extra auxin promotes growth in the shoots but inhibits growth in the roots

56
Q

What is phototropism

A

A plants growth response to light

57
Q

What is gravitropism/geotropism

A

A plants growth response to gravity

58
Q

How do shoots grow

A

Shoots grow towards light and away from gravity so they are positively phototropic and negatively gravitropic

59
Q

How do roots grow

A

Roots grow towards gravity so they are positively gravitropic

60
Q

What are auxins uses

A

•Killing weeds
•Growing cuttings with rooting powder
•Growing cells in tissues culture

61
Q

What are gibberellins uses

A

•Controls plant dormancy
•Induces flowering
•Increase fruit size

62
Q

What does ethene do

A

•Stimulates ripening of fruit

Biology (6 decks)

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