Topic 2 - Internal Factors Flashcards
What are the 5 internal factors within schools that effect education of different classes?
Labelling SFP Streaming School Subcultures Pupil Identity
What is labelling?
Attatching a definition to somebody.
Eg, teachers may label a student as ‘bright’ and ‘hardworking’, or prehaps ‘trouble’ and ‘low ability’
Evidence suggest teachers label students based on STEREOTYPES of what is and isnt the ideal student
What was Becker’s investigation on labelling?
Labelling in Secondary School -
Used interviews of 60 high school teachers. She found that MC children are closer to the stereotypes of an ‘ideal’ pupil.
Found that teachers stereotype students based on their work, conduct & appearance
What was Hargreaves theory on labelling?
The Halo Effect - suggests that students are given imaginary halos from first impressions and stay with them though out their educational career. Future interactions with teachers are based on these halo’s
How do counsellors label?
Cicourel & Kitsuse found that counsellors assessed students largely off social class and race. MC students tend to be referred to higher ability classes and academic subjects
What did Rist find about labelling in Primary schools?
Labelling begins at the start of a childs educational career.
Home backgrounds & appearance are what people are judged by.
“Cardinals&Clowns” - WC children are usually given lower skill books
What did Keddie find about unequal access to classroom knowlege?
Teachers sometimes rank people in terms of knowledge giving different students different level skill work
What is a self fufilling prophecy
A prediction that becomes true, purley on the basis of it being made.
Labelling can affect pupils achievement by creating an SFP
What are the 3 steps of a SFP?
I
- Teacher labels pupil and makes predictions
- Teacher interacts with student based on label
- Pupil internalises the label, prediction & teachers expectations & it becomes part of their self concept. The pupil ‘becomes the label’ and ‘fufils’ The prophecy.
What evidence did Rosenthal & Jacobson have on SFP?
Unethical Field Study -
Gave a school a new ability based test that can identify those that would ‘spurt’ ahead: the teachers believed it.
They chose a random 20% and labelled them as ‘spurters’ to the teachers. 1 year later they found half had made significant progress.
R&J suggested the teachers interacted differently with the ‘spurters’ & conveyed their high expectations onto them.
What is streaming?
Separating children into different ability groups or classes called ‘streams’
Self fulfilling prophecy is likely to occur when children are streamed
What is the triage system?
Sorting students into three different categories:
A) those who will pass anyway
B) borderline C/D pupils who are targeted for help
C) Hopeless Cases
What are the effects of streaming for WC and MC ?
WC children are more likely to be put in lower streams which locks their teachers low expectations of them. Children in the lower streams get the hint that teachers have labelled them as hopeless cases and this creates a SFP.
MC pupils tend to benefit from streaming. They are more likely placed in higher streams and develop a more positive self concept, confidence, work harder and improve their grades.
What is a pupil subculture?
A group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. - Pro and Anti
What are Lacey’s 2 concepts to explain how pupil subcultures develop:
Differentiation and Polarisation
