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zFoundations of Pathophysiology > Topic 2: Fundamentals of the Immune System > Flashcards

Topic 2: Fundamentals of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate and adaptive: physical barriers

A

Innate: skin, mucous, cilia, hair, flushing mechanisms
Adaptive: nil

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2
Q

Innate and adaptive: physiological barriers

A

Innate: pH, temp
Adaptive: nil

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3
Q

Innate and adaptive: diversity and specificity

A

Innate: non-specified
Adaptive: highly specific, customised responses

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4
Q

Innate and adaptive: typical speed on onset

A

Innate: quick
Adaptive: slow at first exposure, but quicker subsequent exposures

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5
Q

Innate and adaptive: ability to adapt

A

Innate: no
Adaptive: yes

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6
Q

Innate and adaptive: immunological memory

A

Innate: no
Adaptive: yes

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7
Q

Innate and adaptive: key immune cells involved

A

Innate: mast, dendritic, microphages, macrophages, natural killer
Adaptive: B-cells –> antibodies, T-cells:helper, killer. memory, suppressor

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8
Q

Innate and adaptive: weapons used

A

Innate: enzymes, acid, interferons, cytokines, complement
Adaptive: antibodies and killer T-cells

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9
Q

Innate and adaptive: soluble (humeral) factors/molecules

A

Innate: cytokines, complement, interferons
Adaptive: antibodies

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10
Q

What are some functions of the immune system?

A

maintain cellular, tissue, system and whole body homeostasis

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11
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of optimal body/system/organ/cell function

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12
Q

What aspects are regulated through homeostasis at a cellular and tissue level?

A

Cellular: cell volume, osmolarity, electrolyte concentration, intracellular pH, membrane potential, concentrations of substances (PRRs)
Tissue: cell number and composition, tissue architecture, concentration of substances, pH, temperature, osmolarity (PRRs)

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13
Q

What must a pathogen do to cause disease?

A
  1. gain access to body
  2. attach to/enter host cells
  3. reproduce while avoiding the immune system
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14
Q

What is the primary system of the immune system and what does it do?

A

Lymphatic system

  • housing system for immune cells
  • transport
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15
Q

What are the organs of the immune system?

A

lymphatic tissues

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16
Q

What are the primary lymphatic tissues?

A

Bone marrow: produces all immune cells

Thymus: matures T-cells

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17
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic tissues?

A

Lymphatic vessels: passively drains lymph from tissue
Lymph nodes: monitor lymph for infection, house lymphocytes
Mucosa: traps potential infectants, mast cells
Spleen: house mature T- and B cells, filters RBC

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18
Q

What are the different cells of the immune system?

A

Erythroid: RBC, platelets
Myeloid: microphage (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), monocytes –> macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells
Lymphoid: large lymphocytes (natural killer), small lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells)

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19
Q

What does myeloid lineage include?

A

microphages (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), monocytes –> macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

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20
Q

What are macrophages?

A

migrate to vascularised tissue and break down cell walls with enzymes

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21
Q

What are mast cells?

A

found in areas with high amounts of blood, prominent near internal/external barriers, present in tissue trauma

22
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

tissue-resident, introduces pathogens to immune system

23
Q

What are the cells of adaptive immunity?

A

T-cells, (helper, cytotoxic, suppressor), B-cells (plasma cells), dendritic cells

24
Q

What are the large lymphocytes?

A

natural killer cells - kill pathogens

25
Q

What are the small lymphocytes?

A

B-cells, T-cells

26
Q

B-cells

A

B cells: produced + mature in bone marrow, plasma –> antibodies, memory

27
Q

Helper-T cells

A

secrete cytokines, amplify antibody production

28
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

kill cells, enzymes, live in thymus

29
Q

Suppressor T-cells

A

dampen/suppress immune response

30
Q

Memory T-cells

A

recognise original invading antigen, immunological memory

31
Q

What are the molecules of the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

Innate: cytokines (chemokines, interleukins, interferons), complement
Adaptive: antibodies

32
Q

Cytokines

A
  • used for communication between immune cells

- cell activation and deactivation, up- or down- regulate synthesis

33
Q

What are the types of cytokines?

A

Chemokines: guide immune cells to infection site, ‘chemical trail’
Interleukins: communication between leucocytes
Interferson: produced and released by host cells in response to presence of pathogens

34
Q

What is the complement system?

A

proteins circulating within the blood stream and break down cell walls, facilitates inflammation

35
Q

What are the key defence mechanisms?

A

Innate: first line of defense, cellular
Adaptive: second line of defense, highly specific

36
Q

What are the physical barriers of the first line of defence?

A

skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia

37
Q

What are the mechanical barriers of the first line of defence?

A

vomiting, coughing, sneezing, urinating, defecating

38
Q

What are the physiological barriers of the first line of defence?

A

pH, temperature

39
Q

What are the chemical barriers of the first line of defence?

A

nitric oxide, catabolic enzymes, cytotoxic proteins, acid, lysosomal enzymes (saliva, ear wax, sebum, sweat glands), physical properties (ie sticky wax, mucous)

40
Q

What is the innate cellular immune response?

A

non specific, no immunological memory, deals with pathogens the same way every time

41
Q

What are the cells of innate cellular immunity?

A

macrophages, mast cells, natural killer, dendritic

42
Q

Eosinophils

A

degrade pathogens with cytotoxic substances, explosive

43
Q

Neutrophils

A

principal phagocytic cell, collateral damage, suicide by apoptosis

44
Q

Basophils

A

similar to eosinophils and mast cells, explosive

45
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

highly specific, immunological memory

46
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

faster and stronger subsequent responses - antibodies produced in secondary response = greater affinity for antigen

47
Q

How is the immune response triggered? (pathogens)

A
  1. pathogens invade host
  2. pathogens release PAMPs
  3. PAMPs recognised by PRRs in innate system
    4, PAMPs captured by innate immune cells and presented to other immune cells
48
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns, induce inflammation, identify pathogens to innate immune cells

49
Q

What are PRRs?

A

pattern-recognition receptors, surface receptors on resident innate immune and parenchymal cells that response to PAMPs, trigger response of other immune cells

50
Q

What are inducers of inflammation?

A

PAMPs, DAMPs, pH, hyperoxia, obesity/overweight, lifestyle factors

51
Q

What are some examples of when immunity goes wrong?

A

allergies, arthritis, anaphylactic shock, cancer, septic shock, transplant rejection, HIV

52
Q

How is the immune response triggered? (no pathogens)

A
  1. tissue damage
  2. DAMPs released by distressed/damaged/dying cells
  3. DAMPs recognised by PRRs in innate system
  4. DAMPs captured by innate cells

zFoundations of Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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