Topic 1: basic concepts of pathophysiology

Question 1

signs

Answer 1

something that can be objectively measured or observed by an observer

Question 2

symptoms

Answer 2

subjective complaint noted by the patient

Question 3

complication

Answer 3

unfavorable evolution or consequence

Question 4

risk factor

Answer 4

conditions suspected to contributing to the development of a disease

Question 5

predisposing factor

Answer 5

inclination or tendency to develop a disease

Question 6

acute

Answer 6

relatively sever, but self-limiting

Question 7

chronic

Answer 7

continuous, long term

Question 8

prevalence

Answer 8

measure of existing disease in a population at a given time

Question 9

incidence

Answer 9

number of new cases that arise in a population at a given time

Question 10

idiopathic

Answer 10

arising spontaneously from an unknown cause

Question 11

atrophy

Answer 11

wasting in size, often accompanied by a decrease in function

Question 12

dysplasia

Answer 12

alteration in size/shape/organisation of adult cells

Question 13

aetiology

Answer 13

study of the cause/s of disease

Question 14

hyperplasia

Answer 14

abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells or body part

Question 15

metaplasia

Answer 15

change in type of adult cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue

Question 16

hypertrophy

Answer 16

enlargement or overgrowth of an organism due to an increase in size of cells

Question 17

insidious

Answer 17

gradual and subtle onset

Question 18

pathogenesis

Answer 18

how the disease process evolves

Question 19

epidemiology

Answer 19

study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions

Question 20

iatriogenic

Answer 20

induced inadvertently through activity of physicians

Question 21

What is diabetes?

Answer 21

abnormally high blood glucose levels resulting in various complications such as blindness, amputation, tingling, stroke, increased blood pressure, heart attacks, kidney failure

Question 22

What is hypertension?

Answer 22

abnormally high pressure inside arteries which may cause hardened arteries, cholesterol build-up, kidney failure, stroke

Question 23

What is asthma?

Answer 23

narrowing and swelling of airways due to excessive secretions of mucous

Question 24

What is arthritis?

Answer 24

inflammation and degeneration of cartilage surrounding joints, resulting in pain during movement

Question 25

What are some signs and symptoms if diabetes?

Answer 25

dehydration, extreme thirst, unexplained weight loss, vision changes, extreme fatigue

Question 26

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Answer 26

family history, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, race, ethnicity

Question 27

How does co-existing high blood pressure aggravate renal impairment in a diabetic patient?

Answer 27

damage of blood vessels which may result in the nephrons not receiving enough oxygen to function, there is also decreased filtration and decreased rate

Question 28

How does hypertension affect the heart?

Answer 28

A restriction in blood flow can damage the heart. The heart muscle thickens, making it difficult to pump blood through narrow arteries. In severe situations, blood is cut off to the heart, resulting in a heart attack.

Question 29

How does hypertension affect the brain?

Answer 29

Blocked vessels in the brain can cause a stroke, which can result in permanent brain damage. Ruptured arteries can result in bleeding and can cause loss of consciousness, slurred speech or paralysis.