Topic 1: basic concepts of pathophysiology Flashcards
signs
something that can be objectively measured or observed by an observer
symptoms
subjective complaint noted by the patient
complication
unfavorable evolution or consequence
risk factor
conditions suspected to contributing to the development of a disease
predisposing factor
inclination or tendency to develop a disease
acute
relatively sever, but self-limiting
chronic
continuous, long term
prevalence
measure of existing disease in a population at a given time
incidence
number of new cases that arise in a population at a given time
idiopathic
arising spontaneously from an unknown cause
atrophy
wasting in size, often accompanied by a decrease in function
dysplasia
alteration in size/shape/organisation of adult cells
aetiology
study of the cause/s of disease
hyperplasia
abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells or body part
metaplasia
change in type of adult cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue
hypertrophy
enlargement or overgrowth of an organism due to an increase in size of cells
insidious
gradual and subtle onset
pathogenesis
how the disease process evolves
epidemiology
study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions
iatriogenic
induced inadvertently through activity of physicians
What is diabetes?
abnormally high blood glucose levels resulting in various complications such as blindness, amputation, tingling, stroke, increased blood pressure, heart attacks, kidney failure
What is hypertension?
abnormally high pressure inside arteries which may cause hardened arteries, cholesterol build-up, kidney failure, stroke
What is asthma?
narrowing and swelling of airways due to excessive secretions of mucous
What is arthritis?
inflammation and degeneration of cartilage surrounding joints, resulting in pain during movement
What are some signs and symptoms if diabetes?
dehydration, extreme thirst, unexplained weight loss, vision changes, extreme fatigue
Risk factors of type 2 diabetes
family history, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, race, ethnicity
How does co-existing high blood pressure aggravate renal impairment in a diabetic patient?
damage of blood vessels which may result in the nephrons not receiving enough oxygen to function, there is also decreased filtration and decreased rate
How does hypertension affect the heart?
A restriction in blood flow can damage the heart. The heart muscle thickens, making it difficult to pump blood through narrow arteries. In severe situations, blood is cut off to the heart, resulting in a heart attack.
How does hypertension affect the brain?
Blocked vessels in the brain can cause a stroke, which can result in permanent brain damage. Ruptured arteries can result in bleeding and can cause loss of consciousness, slurred speech or paralysis.
