Topic 2 - Feeding Monogastric Livestock - Poultry Flashcards
Objective of Feeding Poultry
Formulate the least-cost feeds that meet nutritional requirements
-satisfy maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and welfare of poultry
Optimize a feed schedule to meet poultry product market requirements
-Meat birds:
-eggs:
Global Goal: Maximize production efficiency and producing the most valuable products at the best (lowest cost for that)
Nutrition and Feeding Programs for Broilers and Turkeys (Meat Birds)
Program requirements are centered around the nutrition needed to make a market-weight bird in the shortest amount of time with least amount of feed
the metrics of interest are:
-AVG, average daily gain
-Feed Efficiency: FCR, feed conversion ration or Feed to Gain
Want to maximize, average daily gain (ADG) w/ min. feed
Maximized breast meat yield for cut-up and further processed birds
EXCEPTIONS:
When protein costs are high (soybean meal prices), lower dietary protein levels may be cost-effective even though the birds will take longer to reach market weight
Nutrition and Feeding Programs for Laying and Breeder Birds
Nutritional Requirements are associated with the amounts and proportion of nutrients that produce the fittest birds for reproductive purposes
-increased egg production rate, egg size
-fertility, number of settable eggs, hatchability
Lowest feed costs per dozen of eggs or kg of eggs
Lowest Feed Costs per chick or poult hatched
Nutritional Content of consumer eggs
- ex. the higher vitamin content and high omega-3 levels
Feeding Programs for Broilers
Broilers (to 5,6,7 or 8 weeks of age)
- 3-6 feed phases
Broiler Breeder Pullets (&. Cockerels)
- 3-4 feed phases to 22 weeks of age
Broiler Breeders (Hens and Cockerels)
- 2-3 feed phases from 22 to 56 weeks of age
M and F fed the same at the same time, the same house in a “straight run.”
Feeding Programs for Broilers
Starter feed
- fed 14-21 doa (day of age)
-high protein, high energy
Grower Feed
- Fed up to 35 or 42 doa in the US
-a bit lower in protein than starter
Finisher Feed
- fed up to 42, 49, 56 days depending on market weight desired
Withdrawal feed
- finisher feed without medications for period required by law
These phases maximize the efficiency of the diet based on life stages to control cost
Goal of the feeding program is to find the happy medium between number of states to make cost most efficient
Feeding Programs for Layers/Breeders
Focused on reproductive performance and egg characteristics
Pullet flocks
Laying Flocks
Molted Flocks
Closer to lay, more protein and Ca may be added to diet
Closer to lay, protein levels will decrease
End of lay may be fed a lighter diet to simulate the natural diet of a laying bird
How many different types of feed are usually fed to broiler chickens before they are processed for meat?
4 feeds: starter, grower-finisher, and withdrawal
Important Nutritional Relationships that Apply to Poultry Production
Environmental temp affects feed consumption
Nutrient:Energy Ratios
Amino Acids Balance
Impact Physiological Processes w/in the bird:
-Ca:P ratio
-Cation-Anion Balance (CAB), also called “Acid-Base Balance”
Nutritional Strategies and Feed Additives that Influence Poultry Enteric Health
Antibiotic Enteric Conditioners
- prophylactics and/or growth promoters, condition the gut to contain more beneficial bacteria
Coccidiostats (Ioniphores or chemical)
Microbial enzyme supplementation
Acidifiers and organic acids
Herbs, spices, and essential oils
Oligosaccharides: FOS and MOS
-mannan-oligosaccharides improve gut health, performance, and control salmonella in poultry, how do they function as a prebiotic for this?
