Topic 2 - Development Flashcards
What is aid?
assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates
Define air pollution
adding harmful substances, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere
What is arable farming?
the farming of crops like wheat and barley
Define birth rate
the number of live births per 1000 population per year
Define bottom up development
an approach to development that involves people and communities in decision-making, often involving small-scale projects for the poorest
Define the term BRICS
a group of large and influential emerging countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
What does the term caste mean?
a traditional Indian system of segregation by birth and social class
What does closed economy mean?
a country which does little trade beyond its borders
What does colonialism mean?
acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically
What is a colony?
a country or region under the political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
What is commercial agriculture?
farming in which crops are grown for sale
What is communism?
communism is a system of government, based on these theories of Karl Marx, which believes in sharing wealth between all people
What is the composite index?
an index, such as the HDI, which is calculated from several different measures
Define cultivation
the action of using the land for agricultural purposes
Define death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 population per year
Define debt
money owed by a country to another country, to private creditors (e.g. commercial banks) or to international agencies such as the World Bank or IMF
What are demographic indicators
demographic indicators measures related to the population, such as birth and death rate and rate of natural increase demographic transition a model of how countries’ population structures often change over time as they develop
What is the dependency theory?
a theory which blames the relative underdevelopment of the developing world on exploitation by the developed world, first through colonialism and then by neocolonialism
Define a developed country
a country with very high human development
Define a developing country
a country with low human development
Define the term development
the economic or social progress a country or people makes
What is the development gap?
the difference in income and the quality of life in general between the richest and poorest countries in the world
Define economic development
improvements in a country’s or people’s employment, income and living standards
Define an emerging country
a country with high or medium human development
What is fair trade?
farmers and producers in developing countries are given a fair deal by buyers in developed countries; prices paid are always higher than their costs of production
What is foreign direct investment (FDI)
overseas investment in physical capital by transnational corporations
What is formal employment?
jobs where people work for regular pay, have employment rights and pay taxes
What does geopolitical influence mean?
the way in which a country’s geography and economy affect its relations with other countries
What is the gini coefficient?
a way of measuring inequality in a country: the higher the value of the Gini coefficient, the more unequal a country is
Define the green revolution
a 20th century development where new varieties of crops and better technology led to dramatic increases in crop yields in some developing countries
Define gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
Define Gross National income (GNI) per capita
the total income of the country, including that made outside the country by its companies and corporations, divided by the number of inhabitants, to give average income per person
Define Human Development Index (HDI)
a measure of people’s quality of life using social measures of development, based on life expectancy, education and standard of living
Define the index of economic freedom
how open a country is to free-market capitalism (the index is devised by The Heritage Foundation)
Define the index of multiple deprivation (IMD)
measures 38 items grouped under seven main headings: income, employment, health, education, crime, access to services and living environment
Define infant mortality
the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births per year
Define informal employment
unofficial work, often without regular pay and employment rights (or payment of taxes)
Define intermediate technology
often small-scale technology that the local community can use without too much training or high costs
Define what levels of development means
a country’s wealth and it social and political progress
Define life expectancy
average number of years that a newborn child can expect to live
Define maternal mortality rate
the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births
Define microcredit/microfinance
tiny loans and financial services to help the poor - mostly women - start businesses and escape poverty
What is the modernisation theory
a theory based on the economic history of a number of developed countries, which go through distinct economic and social changes and move from one stage to another
Define natural population decrease
death rate higher than birth rate, declining population
define natural population increase
birth rate higher than death rate, growing the population
Define neo-colonialism
the dominance of poor countries by rich countries, not by direct political control (as in colonialism), but by economic power and cultural influence
Define population density
the average number of people in a given area, expressed as people per km2
Define population structure
the make-up (age and sex) of a population, usually shown in a population pyramid
What does political development?
improvements in a country’s system of government, or the involvement of the people, for example through greater democracy
Define the term poverty line
the minimum level of income required to meet a persons basic needs (US$ 1.25)
Define the term slum
a run-down and often overcrowded urban area with poor quality housing and services
What does social development mean?
improvements in people’s lives in health, education, culture
Define socialism
a means of social organisation in which the main sectors of the economy are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies
What deos the term top down development mean?
an approach to development where decisions are made by governments or large companies, sometimes with little consultation; such programmes often involve large-scale, expensive projects
Define capitalism
the social and economic system which relies on the market mechanism to distribute the factors of production (land, labour, capital) in the most efficient way
Define the Corruption Perceptions Index
a ranking of countries according to perceived levels of corruption
What is free trade?
the free flow of goods and services without restriction of tariffs
Define hydro-electrical power
the use of fast flowing water to turn turbines which produce electricity
Define international aid
the giving of resources (money, food, goods, technology) by one country or organisation to another poorer country
What is an open economy?
a country with few trade barriers, which encourages trade with other countries
Define purchasing power parity (PPP)
a way of adjusting Gross National Income to allow for the differences in what US$1 can buy in different countries
Define remittance
money sent back by migrants to their families in the home community or country
What does replacement level fertility mean?
the level at which each generation has just enough children to replace themselves
Define subsistence agriculture
farming in which crops are grown for the farmer’s own use, to feed their family
Define sustainable development
development which meets the needs of the present without compromising (limiting) the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Define total fertility rate
the average number of children born per woman in a country
Define the term yield
the amount of crops produced by a particular area of land
