Topic 2-Class Differences in achievement-Internal Factors Flashcards
Labelling
To label someone is to attach meaning or definition to them
-teachers often attach labels to pupils regardless their abilities
-label on stereotypes.
Becker
-Studies 60 Chicago High school teachers
found that they judged people based on how closely their fitted their ideal pupil.Puipls conduct,appearance,and work is what influenced teachers judgement=see WC as lacking in ability and have low expectations of them
Jorgensen-primary schools and discipline
Found that in WC primary schools disciple was a major problem,the ideal pupil was defines as passive,quiet and obedient-children defined by behaviour,not ability.Whereas MC primary school had few disciple problems and therefore the ideal pupil was defines by personality and academic ability.
Dunne and Gazeley:
-schools continuously produce underachievement in WC
-teachers normalised underachievement
=due to labels and assumptions of teachers.
Found from interviews that teachers normalised the underachievement of WC pupils,
teachers felt unconcerned, nothing to little to do WHEREAS for MC the felt they could overcome it.
Rists-studied an american kidergarden show
found that teachers used info from children’s background homes and appearance and placed them in separate groups,sitting them at diff tables
Tigers-Rists
They were the fast learners according to teachers,tended to be MC,neat and clear appearance ,able nearest to her,showed greatest encouragement
Clowns and Cardinals-Rists
sitted furthest away from her,WC,given lower -level books to read ,fewer chances to show their abilities
SFP
Is a prediction that comes true by the virtue of having it be made
Teachers Expectations(Rosenthal and Jacobson)
-shows the SFP
Studied a primary school in california.
-Told the school they had developed a test to identify pupils who would spurt ahead.
-This was untrue as the test was a simply standard IQ test,however the teachers believed what they had been told
-Researchers picked 20% of them at random at the rest of the 80% were put on a disadvantage
-Returned to the school a year later and the ‘spurters’ had made significant progress
-teachers beliefs had influenced the child academically and therefore they had pushed them further while also given them extra help,conveying these beliefs to the pupils
-Shows SPF
Even if teachers didn’t see pupil as their ideal type they could shape them into that.
SPF can lead to underachievement
If teachers have low expectations of certain pupils it can therefore impact the way they communicate these expectations through their interactions and lead to children developing a negative self-concept=see themselves as failures and give up trying
Streaming
Involves separating children into different ability groups/classes called streams.They are then taught separately stream the others for all subjects
MC streaming
Benefits them,placed at higher streams,develop positive self concept as they are ideal pupil for teachers,gain confidence,work harder and improve their grades
Douglas
Found children placed in higher streams at age 8 had improved their IQ by age 11 and children placed at lower streams at age 8 had a decline in their IQs by the age 11
WC streaming
Placed in lower streams-difficult to move up,locked in within teachers low expectations creates SFP as children live within teachers expectations by underachieving
Streaming and the A to C economy(Gillborn and Youdell)
Found teachers are less likely to see WC(and black) pupil as having ability
=more likely to be placed in lower streams and entered for lower tier GCSEs,this denies them the knowledge needed to gain good grades and widens the gap in achievement.
-Link A to C to the exam league table-students must gain 5 and above grade A to C in their GCSEs to have a good league position
