Topic 1-Class Differences in Acheivement-External Factors

Question 1

Bernstein
-speechcodes

Answer 1

The restricted code:WC,limited vocab,short unfinished gramatically simple sentences,descriptive not analytical,context bound,single word

The elaborated:MC,complex sentences,wider vocab/context free,communicates abstact ideas =effective tool for analysing and reasoning=essentail for school=access to mainstream

Question 2

Engelmann and Bereiter
-language

Answer 2

claim that language in lower class homes is deficient(lacking)=children fail to develop the necessary language skills

Question 3

Douglas

Answer 3

WC placed less value on education=underachievement

Question 4

Feinstein
-parents education

Answer 4

parents educational behaviors-
put their children in activities-Parents with education more aware on what is needed for success in education-they engage in behaviours such as reading, educational trips, and fostering relationships with teachers.

parenting style-
Educated parents have high discipline and expectations=supports achievement by encouraging active learning
.Less educated parents tend to be harsher and more inconsistent with discipline.

use of income-
MC spend income in useful resources to stimulate their children’s educational success.

Class, income, and parental education-
better paid middle class parents tend to succeed,but parents education is key -tend to have better achieving children.

Question 5

Subculture

Answer 5

a group whose attitudes and values differ from that of mainstream culture

Question 6

Sugarman

Answer 6

Fatalism-“whatever will be,will be” -belief in fate and there is nothing you can do to change your status

Collectivism-more value to succeeding as a group rather then individual.

Immediate gratification-seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices to get future rewards

Present time orientation-present more important than future=no long term goals

Question 7

Compensatory education

Answer 7

Aims to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.

Question 8

Sure start

Answer 8

Britain

Question 9

Educational Action Zone

Answer 9

Britain

Question 10

Keddie-cultural deprivation seen as a myth and victim-blaming explanation

Answer 10

Dismisses the idea that failure in school is due to background classes.
WC are simply cultural diff not culturally deprived.
Fail cause they are put in a disadvantage by the school system as it teaches the MC values

Question 11

Material deprivation
-what factors can cause underachievement…

Answer 11

Housing-
overcrowing,temporary accommodations-cold or damp housing
Diet and health-
Howard notes young people from poor houses have lower intake of energy ,vitamins,mineral +Wilkinson states they have emotional and behavioral problems with higher rates of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders
Cost of education-
Bull refers to the hidden costs of school(uniforms,transport,
equipment,calc)-children will have to do with handy downs=bullying
Fear of debt-
Jackson found student are more debt averse-saw debt negatively-live at homes and save travel cost-lost high uni chances given up ,worked part time jobs

Question 12

Cultural Capital
Bourdieu-three types of Capitals

Answer 12

-economic capital, educational capital,cultural capital,(social capital).

Question 13

Cultural capital

Answer 13

refers to the knowledge,attitudes,values,
language,tastes,abilities of the MC.MC have advantage-through socialization they have the ability to grasp and analyse abstract ideas.

Question 14

Social capital

Answer 14

The connects an individual has

Question 15

Educational+Economic Capital

Answer 15

.Mc better equipped to meet schools demand
.Wealthy parents convert their economic capital to educational capital-send their children into private schools and paying extra tuiton

Question 16

Case Study-Sullivan
-wanted to asses cultural capital

Answer 16

.Used questionnaires to conduct a survey of 465 students
.Assessed their cultural capital by asking questions about the activities they do,Tv shows, whether they visited museums, theaters etc+tasted their vocab and knowledge
.Found=those that watched documentaries had wider knowledge and vocab
=people with greater cultural capital
.Found that even if WC and MC still had the same cultural capital MC still did better.=because MC had greater aspirations+resources this explains the gap in achievement.

Question 17

Feinstein
-language of WC VS MC towards their children

Answer 17

educated parents of the middle class were more likely to use challenging language to improve cognitive performance of their children. Less education parents were more likely to use simpler language which puts a limitation on their child’s performance.

Question 18

Material deprivation

Answer 18

Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities.

Question 19

what are the 4 external factors that affect pupils’ educational achievement?

Answer 19

cultural deprivation, material deprivation ,cultural capital,parents education
-ps sugarman

Question 20

cultural deprivation

Answer 20

lacking the values, attitudes, and skills needed for educational success learnt through primary socialisation, e.g. language, reasoning skills, discipline