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India Topics > Topic 2- Changing Political relationships > Flashcards

Topic 2- Changing Political relationships Flashcards

1
Q

what happened to the INC between 1920 and 1930

A
  • they transformed from being an elitist debating group to be a political force to be reckoned with
  • by the mid 20s, congress had become a political party with mass appeal and a following of millions throughout India
  • it sharpened its ideals/focused its impact and the Raj could not afford to ignore its power and influence
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2
Q

what was forgotten in the increasingly political climate of the 1920s

A
  • relations between the Hindus and Muslims worsened
  • the heady days of the Lucknow Pact
  • a sperate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent began to grow in the minds of Hindus and Muslims alike
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3
Q

what was Gandhi’s concept of Satyagraha

A
  • pursuit of justice, truth and obstinacy through non violent methods
  • in the years up to 1922 Gandhi led two national campaigns of civil disobedience the first been the strikes in Amritsar
  • they attracted international attention due to the problems they caused for the British
  • were often unsuccessful in achieving specific aims but showed the British empire could be defeated by mass peaceful confrontation
  • showed that if Indians withdrew their support than the Raj could not survive
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4
Q

why did Gandhi hate the term passive resistance and why should it not be applied to his concept of Satyagraha

A
  • it means resisting authority by doing nothing like a sit down protest
  • Gandhi advocated non violent but active no violent non cooperation such as removing children from school
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5
Q

what do Satyagraha’s require from the Indian people

A
  • full commitment
  • reject campaigning for dishonourable motives
  • be willing to suffer
  • need to be in it for the long haul but not everyone can strike for prolonged periods, its requires a lot of money
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6
Q

what are the methods of satyagraha

A
  • refusal to cooperate with raj
  • hartals - mass protest often involving shutdown of workplaces
  • boycotts - refusal to purchase British goods - big methods - if jewel in crown (economy) stops sparkling Britain won’t want to keep India in empire
  • fasts/hunger strikes - if Gandhi dies he’d be a martyr - mass fight - Britain couldn’t win as their army made up of lots of Indians
  • submission to physical violence from the British
  • protest marches - Gandhi’s famous been the Salt March of 1930 attracting some 80,000 followers
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7
Q

why did Gandhi adopt a peasant lifestyle

A
  • believed life would be better in small self contained communities which appealed to the Indian peasant masses
  • swadeshi life
  • boycott of foreign made goods
  • ashram - a group life
  • he identified himself with traditional Indians values
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8
Q

why did Jinnah leave the INC in 1920

A
  • left in protest of decision to adopt Gandhi’s strategy of non-cooperation
  • Jinnah always to work with Britain and the Raj
  • huge turning point in the module and begins the separation between the INC and the ML
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9
Q

how did Gandhi emerge as the leader of the INC

A
  • Gandhi had liaised with Gokhale whilst he was in South Africa and his advice he kept out of public life in India for a year while he found his feet and understood the political dynamics in India
  • through his philosophies began to win the hearts and minds of the Indian masses
  • he saw to achieve swaraj he would have to become politically involved India
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10
Q

what three things led Gandhi to change his mind and to develop the idea of swaraj or self rule for India as opposed to been for the Raj and their support

A
  • the rowlatt acts which aimed at continuing indefinitely the repressive wartime restrictions
  • the amritsar massacre of April 1919 and its tactic endorsement by large sections of the British community in India
  • one of the outcomes of the Paris peace conferences that ended the FWW was that turkey had to pay huge indemnity and lose its territories - this confirmed the worst fears of Indian Muslims that white Europeans and Americans had little concern for Islamic nations and it made Gandhi realise that this could increase the idea of separateness among Muslims
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11
Q

why was Gandhi not opposed as leader of the INC

A
  • his approaches had mass appeal
  • there was no other all Indian political leader or group who could challenge his influence over the Indian people nor organise opposition to him
  • members of Congress were so divided about which path was the best way forwards they couldn’t unite to oppose Gandhi
  • he opposed Purdah
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12
Q

what was Gandhi’s second satyagraha of non-cooperation (1920-22)

A
  • Indian workers boycotted Britain’s factories and goods
  • mass protests
  • the idea was new and non violence was debated among many
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13
Q

why did Gandhi’s second satyagraha happen and was the consequence of the timing of this

A
  • because of disgust towards the repressive measures of 1919
  • swaraj was declared the ultimate aim
  • Gandhi set an unrealistic time frame for this of just a year but this also gained support from the masses as people wouldn’t be interested in the long haul
  • sparked mass disobedience
  • created opposition from Jinnah who believed that the best way to gain independence was to work with Britain through constitutional means as opposed to working against through direct action
  • 30,000 who were arrested became martyrs - mass nationalism
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14
Q

why was Gandhi’s second satyagraha campaign difficult for the British

A
  • every Indian in a British job boycotted on goods which hit Britain hard after the war and there was recession
  • India is their bank and the jewel in the crown
  • Britain were stuck because they couldn’t Amritsar again
  • India were defying Britain at a difficult and scary time after Amritsar
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15
Q

who was opposed to Gandhi

A
  • the princes states
  • Lord reading offered provincial autonomy in return for suspension for the satyagraha movement which would have been an improvement from the government of India act of 1919 as it would have granted India more provincial control of their own affairs
  • however because it was dominion status Gandhi rejected it
  • this decision looked down upon by the Princely States and Jinnah who did not want to partake in the non cooperation and enjoyed the prospect of working together with the British
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16
Q

Hindus and Muslims in the inter war period (1920-1930)

A
  • INC became a political group
  • no dominion status if no one to lead but now there is
  • Gandhi and Jinnah became more frustrated with each other - animosity grew - Britain like it divide and rule
  • the rising force of Hindu nationalism was tempered by the rising voice of Muslim minority led by Jinnah
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17
Q

was Gandhi’s second satyagraha of non cooperation successful

A
  • there was some initial successes for example around 200 lawyers stopped worked
  • however millions of Indians were unwilling or unable to understand the morality underpinning the concept of Satyagraha
  • violence broke out at different times in different provinces - led to Chauri Chaura
  • in Bombay e.g. a hartal turned into four days of looting and rioting leaving 53 dead and hundreds injured
  • satyagraha was spiralling out of control
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18
Q

how did Gandhi’s second satyagraha of civil disobedience and non cooperation lead to Chauri Chaura, how did it start to fail

A
  • non cooperation spiralled out of control
  • people started to lose faith in Gandhi due to the lack of progress and started to turn to violence
  • In 1921 during some small scale riots around 600 people were killed
  • cracks in Hindu Muslim unity began to show
  • troops from the Provisional government
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19
Q

what was Chauri Chaura

A

Feb 1922

  • in some small scale riots of 1921, 600 killed - cracks showing in Hindu, Muslim unity
  • troops from the provisional government were called in and martial law was once again put in place to restore order
  • people started to lose faith in Gandhi due to lack of progress
  • ahimsa forgotten by the rebel mobs
  • In the town of Chauri Chaura 22 policemen had been burnt and beaten to death - Muslim police officers working for Britain killed by Hindu protestors
  • 6th Feb 1922 - Gandhi appealed for INC to demand an end to the 2nd satyagraha
  • when violence persisted he fasted in order that the people respect his wishes of ahimsa
  • Gandhi didn’t want violence but India were close to winning as Britain were about to give in - perhaps a mistake by Gandhi but he didn’t want to win through violence
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20
Q

why was Gandhi arrested

A
  • for sedition
  • Gandhi declared his intention to remove himself from political campaigning to focus on re-generating moral culture of India but was arrested before he could do so
  • arrested March 10th 1922
  • sentenced to 6 years
  • moral high ground to show violence wasn’t the answer, Britain didn’t really know what to do with him
  • he only served two years as he got appendicitis and never returned
  • return would have put it back in the news and nationalism would rise again - it was also punishment enough
  • Gandhi’s arrest was a symbol of pride rather than shame for Gandhi
  • symbol of nationalist honour led people to no longer be afraid of British authority
  • starts a movement that British brutality like Amritsar can be stifled and non violence stronger as Britain can’t use arms
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21
Q

who took over the INC while Gandhi was in prison

A
  • Molital Nehru and C.R. Das
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22
Q

who is baby nehru and who is daddy nehru

A

baby - Jawalahal Nehru

daddy - Molital Nehu

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23
Q

what did Gandhi do on his release from prison in 1924

A
  • set up the CWC to formulate INC policy
  • he persuaded congress to promote literacy among the masses, improve sanitation and begin a campaign to eradicate untouchability
  • saw the importance of educating the Indians so they have the ability to take over should Britain eventually give them power
  • feared another Chauri Chaura
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24
Q

what and who were the young hooligans

A

SUNDRAS CHANDRA BOSE
JAWAHARAL NEHRU
JAYAPRAKESH NARAYAN
- Gandhi worried about them as they differed with his opinions and aims
- charismatic and young members of the INC
- burst onto the political scene demanding purna swaraj, rejected any notion of accepting dominion status
- they were attracted to socialism as Gandhi was deeply conservative he regarded them as radicals
- despite this Nehru became Gandhi’s most trusted and favoured disciple - Nehru gets a lot of support
THEY REJECTED THE NEHRU REPORT

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25
Q

what and when was the Nehru Report

A

1928

  • by Molital Nehru and Tej Sapru (liberal party leader)
  • first constitution written by Indians only
  • conceived a dominion status for India on the same terms as white self-governed countries within the empire
  • manifesto of what a future government of India could look like
  • it was very impressive and detailed and had the aim to show Britain they were ready for dominion status
  • princely states and British India to be joined in a federation
  • no further devolution of power to the provinces
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26
Q

who opposed the Nehru report and who accepted it

A
  • it was endorsed by the INC
  • rejected by Jinnah
  • rejected by the young hooligans
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27
Q

what was the impact of Jinnah rejecting the Nehru report

A

it allowed Britain to come back to the argument and tactic of divide and rule
the divide means Britain have to stay

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28
Q

why did Jinnah reject the Nehru report

A
  • he thought it didn’t give Muslims enough
  • the terms of the report meant that in effect the Hindus would form a permanent majority within central government
  • despite vague promises that religious freedoms would be safeguarded and new Muslim states created most Muslims were deeply unhappy
  • Under the report they would lose the protection of their separate electoral status perpetuated by the British after the 1916 Lucknow pact
29
Q

how did Congress react to the rejection of their Nehru Report?

A
  • boycott of the Simon Commission
  • then took the initiative
  • Dec 1928, when Congress met in Calcutta under the leadership of Motilal Nehru delegates backed two motions
  • instant dominion status as recommended by the Nehru report
  • Jawalahal Nehru and Bose proposed a more radical option that the British were to withdraw completely by Dec 31st 1929
  • it was unrealistic but a clever political manoeuvre as when it did not occur Congress would have excuse to embark on further non cooperation should they wish
30
Q

which Nehru wrote the Nehru report

A

molitial (daddy)

31
Q

what and when was the Lahore congress

A

1929

  • Dec 1928 Gandhi appealed to British for Dominion Status or face another satyagraha - Britain did not respond - suggesting more civil disobedience was a mistake - poke the beast
  • at the annual Lahore Congress in Dec 1929, Gandhi and the INC finally agreed to the Young Hooligans demands that the INC should aim for nothing less than purna swaraj
  • Nehru new pres of INC declares it the goal and rejected the British invitation to participate in the upcoming RTC
32
Q

what did the INC nominate the 26th Jan 1930 as

A

independence day

  • this led to renewed non-cooperation while stemming support for the more radical movements led by Bose
  • start 3 satyagraha’s - but not everyone on same path - 3 levels of campaign
33
Q

what did the CWC agree at a secret meeting

A

that Gandhi should initiate a civil disobedience campaign when he judged the moment right

34
Q

what and when was the Salt March

A

12 March to 6th April 1930

  • Gandhi and his followers marched 388km from Ahmedabad to Dandi to protest against the British monopoly on salt
  • Gandhi argued salt from the Indian Ocean belonged to the Indian people not the British
35
Q

how successful was the Salt March campaign of 1930

A
  • one of his most successful campaigns at upsetting British imperial hold over India
  • it had gathered mass support by the time he reached the coast
  • it made Britain look stupid but couldn’t really turn violent
  • everyone could take part - anyone can make salt - nationalism for all - can’t arrest everyone
  • gained international media attention for Gandhi
  • it was bigger than the march and was symbolic of Gandhi desire to live in Ashrams etc…
  • it didn’t get them any closer to Dominion Status but that wasn’t the point in it
36
Q

how did the British respond to the Salt March campaign

A
  • imprisoned over 60,000 people but couldn’t arrest everyone
  • Britain struggled to work out how to respond without looking like a dictator
  • they arrested Gandhi on May 4th but it doesn’t mean anything anymore and it didn’t stop the movement - Gandhi and INC now in powerful seat of control
  • British treat it as a joke - another trick of Gandhi - and agreed to do nothing but continue repressive policies
37
Q

why did the salt march take place

A
  • Britain had a huge tax on salt and made it illegal to make
  • it was crucial thing in 1930 to preserve food
38
Q

what was the aftermath of the Salt March campaign

A
  • Gandhi’s arrest on May 4th triggered nationwide hartals across India
  • the British arrested the entire CWC
  • The INC had announced independence for India and British had ignored it
  • By the end of 1930 INC and the Raj were locked in a stalemate
  • Indian people made salt and boycotted British goods for a year
  • 1930 was after the wall street crash in America - the world’s financial situation in a precarious position and Britain were affected by the Great Depression - didn’t need the extra stress of the salt march
39
Q

what did Muslims want at first

A

proportional representation not quality

40
Q

why did Jinnah initially act as a bridge between the ML and the INC

A
  • he was already a member of the INC when he joined the ML in 1913
  • He therefore served as a bridge between the INC and the ML
  • in 1916 he was elected President of the ML and was central to Lucknow Pact negotiations
41
Q

what was Jinnah never fully convinced by

A

Jinnah was never fully convinced by Gandhi’s belief in the use of civil disobedience

  • he opposed the 1920 satyagraha campaign and resigned from the INC
  • Jinnah didn’t like non-cooperation because he wanted to work with Britain constitutionally for a compromise rather than provoke them and be repressed
  • he wanted meetings to present why they deserved autonomy
  • by 1920 there were profound differences between the INC and ML
  • Moreover, Gandhi’s campaigns of Hindu revivalism alienated many Muslims and ultimately helped to bring about the rise in the fortunes of the ML
42
Q

The Khilafat Movement

A
  • Many Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their most important spiritual leader
  • Muslims upset with Britain in FWW for fighting
  • when the war ended Ottoman empire dissolved which insults Muslims
  • this was epitomised by the Lucknow Pact 1916
  • the 1919 Peace Treaties effectively dismantled the Ottoman Empire and removed the Sultan from power
  • The Khilafat Movement was therefore created to support the Caliph and spread rapidly throughout India
  • The Movement rejected British rule over India and legitimised Muslim participation in nationalism
  • Muslims therefore supported Gandhi’s satyagraha’s and Gandhi and the INC supported the Khilafat movement
  • it collapsed in 1924
43
Q

what was unique about the Kilafat movement

A
  • it was a Muslim campaign led by Gandhi, a Hindu leader
  • unity
  • Jinnah resented this and didn’t care about the Khilafat Movement as he was not a devout Muslims
  • he also didn’t want to provoke Britain and he loses some of his support and influence
  • chauri chaura ends unity - Hindus kill Muslims
44
Q

what did Gandhi’s support of the Kilafat movement lead to

A
  • Muslims supporting his Satyagraha campaigns
  • this left Jinnah out in the cold
  • Jinnah opposed Gandhi’s support for the Kilafat Movement and claimed that it was causing a divide among Muslim communities
  • Dec 1920 - Jinnah openly spoke out about the Satyagraha campaigns and appealed for an alternative approach to achieving swaraj
  • Jinnah says it isn’t gonna last then violence does unfold after the second satyagraha
45
Q

what emerged in the 1920s with the aim of strengthening Muslim communities

A

Tanzeem and Tabligh

- encouraged people to be proud Muslims and respect their faith, re-discover heritage

46
Q

what are Tanzeem and Tabligh indicative of and why

A
  • the emerging concept of separateness between Muslims and Hindus
  • the traditional uneasy co-existence was crumbling as Muslims sought equal rights
  • as you teach about Islam and Muslim heritage you incidentally teach them to dislike Hindus
47
Q

despite growing notions of separation why did Jinnah attempt to reproach the INC

A
  • He was aware Muslims are minority - need people to like him and for Hindus to be willing to work with him
  • so Britain can’t argue divide and rule
48
Q

what happened at ML’s Delhi Conference in 1927

A
  • Jinnah persuaded members to make a bold offer to the INC
  • pledges to end separate electorates that have been around since 1909 in exchange for 1/3 of all seats in any future parliament
  • also proposed the creation of just one Muslim dominated province - the heart of Muslims
49
Q

what was the reaction to the proposals of the Muslim league put forwards at the 1927 Delhi conference

A
  • INC flatly rejected it as they thought 1/3 was too much power for Muslims
  • Jinnah knew full well it was too much but he expected the INC to negotiate which they didn’t
  • INC doesn’t feel the need to negotiate when they are powerful and ‘represent all’
  • Britain also dubious
50
Q

what was the impact of the INC rejecting Jinnah’s proposals put forwards at the Delhi conference in 1927

A

when the INC’s Nehru report comes in 1928 he rejects it

51
Q

what were Jinnah’s fourteen points

A
  • 1929 he tried INC rapprochement again
  • a compromise plan of 14 points
  • the essence was the guarantee and protection of Muslim rights - politically, culturally and socially - in the event of swaraj
  • Muslims treat fairly not equally
52
Q

how did the INC respond to Jinnah’s fourteen points in 1929 and what the effects of this

A
  • rejected
  • it was a mistake which angered Jinnah causing him to leave the INC believing it represented a parting of ways - went for a law career in England
  • final time he extends an olive branch to the INC who hit him back in the face with it
  • first idea of a separate nations forms in his mind
  • Britain love it - divide and rule
53
Q

what did Jinnah think about Gandhi’s salt march in 1930

A

my advice to all country men and Musalmans in particular is not to associate in the methods, creed and policy of civil disobedience

  • its premature, unwise and impractical
  • RTC about to be held which is a more obvious and effective course of action
  • urged patience and calm till results of the RTC
54
Q

what was the Nehru report evidence of

A
  • a hardened attitude towards Britain as it was a full plan for a future constitution, they know what they want
  • evidence of separation between Hindus and Muslims - Jinnah rejects it because INC reject his proposal of 1/3 of seats with no attempt to negotiate - doesn’t believe INC represent all
  • Britain say Jinnah not signed Nehru report - divide and rule
55
Q

discuss Gandhi and the British

A
  • Non-violence paralysed/confused the British and exposed their own violence
  • Gandhi rejected British modernity
  • Yet Gandhi’s medievalism was not viable in a backward, starving, over-populated country
  • Britain did at least allow a free press and right of assembly without which it would have been impossible to bring about a mass nationalist movement
  • Salt March was to show that the only way to defy an absurd law is to retaliate in an absurd manner
  • Gandhi shamed the British
56
Q

what British political change offered possible rapprochement between Britain and India

A
  • April 1921
  • Lord Reading replaced Chelmsford as viceroy
  • he instantly proposed full provincial autonomy and an extension of dyarchy in exchange for the suspension of the second satyagraha
  • Gandhi refused
  • Lord Reading ordered a swift crackdown in which many INC leaders were imprisoned along with thousands of protestors
57
Q

what and when was the Simon Commission

A
  • 1927
  • government sent a parliamentary delegation to find out how the government of India act was working and to make recommendations for any necessary review
  • the 1919 government of India act was due for renewal in 1929
58
Q

who was on the Simon Commission and what was the effect of this

A
  • Sir John Simon
  • Attlee
  • there we no Indian members - the message was loud and clear that the future of India would be decided by British politicians in Westminster - Indians would have no part in deciding their own future
59
Q

why was the simon commission brought forwards to 1927 rather than 1929

A
  • 1929 was scheduled for a general election
  • conservatives worried that if the review was held after the general election and Labour won then policies on India would veer to the left
  • Labour had strong links with Congress and conservatives were worried they would give the INC what they wanted
  • so S.O.S for India Lord Birkenhead brought the review forwards so it could happen under a conservative government
60
Q

how was the Simon Commission received in India

A
  • unwelcome
  • met with hostility
  • Both the INC and ML refused to cooperate with the Commission - brief unity of religions
  • However Muslims in Muslim majority provinces and a lot of Sikhs and Untouchables did cooperate hoping for a better future than that under a Hindu-dominated Congress
  • the Simon report did little to reassert the status quo and was abandoned before publication
61
Q

discuss the change in British government following the 1929 election

A
  • stance of British Gov was clear in Birkenhead’s declaration that the phrase dominion status should not be used to describe the ultimate goal of Britain’s Indian policy
  • under conservatives the Raj turned to control and traditional concessions
  • But labour won the 1929 elections and immediately began proceedings of conciliation in India
  • the new S.O.S Benn and the new viceroy Irwin considered the next stage of the British Raj
62
Q

what is conciliation

A

the action of mediating between two disputing people or groups or stopping someone been angry

63
Q

what and when was the Irwin decleration

A

31st October 1929

  • issued it with a degree of optimism
  • reiterated the Montagu declaration of 1917 and added that the attainment of dominion status was to be the natural development of the Gov of India Act
  • gave the impression of continuity in british policy and that previous repressive policies had been necessary but temporary measures of controlling sedition
  • Indian reps invited to attend RTC in London to thrash out a new Indian constitution that would satisfy all parties
64
Q

define sedition

A

conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of the state or monarch

65
Q

what was Gandhi’s dilemma over attending the RTC

A
  • quoted - INC leader to attend RTC would be political suicide - they’d be on foreign soil/forced to accept a British agenda
  • believed the chance of INC achieving their aims would be compromised
  • not to go to London would result in a settlement being made to which Gandhi/INC couldn’t agree to
  • the INC rejected the British offer to attend the RTC and then was arrested
  • Nehru released then arrested again
66
Q

when and what was the Gandhi Irwin Pact

A

1931

  • only way out stalemate was to form a truce that would enable the Raj and Congress to move forwards
  • a meeting between Gandhi and Irwin was brokered by Indian businessmen worried about the Indian economy as the 3rd satyagraha gripped the nation
  • Gandhi approached first in July 1930 but didn’t meet Irwin until Feb 1931
  • it brought everyone some breathing space
67
Q

What was agreed in the Gandhi-Irwin pact

A
  • the INC’s civil disobedience campaign was suspended
  • Gandhi agreed to attend second RTC
  • 19,000 INC supporters were released from jail
  • Confiscated property was returned to its owners
  • some emergency restrictions were relaxed
68
Q

why was the Gandhi Irwin pact necessary

A
  • the violence that accompanied civil disobedience following the salt satyagraha and the Raj’s attempts to combat that violence left both sides exhausted
  • Irwin was afraid Congress would find a way out of the stalemate by resorting to a campaign of violence
69
Q

why did Gandhi reject Lord Readings offer in 1921 for full provincial autonomy in exchange for the suspension of the second satyagraha

A

he wanted full dominion status

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