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Biology > Topic 2 - Cell Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cell Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain cell organisation

A

Cell to tissue to organ to organ system

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic building blocks of everything

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

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7
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or changed in the reaction

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8
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ model of enzymes?

A

When a substrate fits perfectly into the enzymes active site

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9
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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10
Q

What do carbohydrates break down into?

A

Sugars

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11
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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12
Q

What breaks down protein?

A

Protease

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13
Q

What does protein break down into?

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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15
Q

What breaks down fats?

A

Lipase

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16
Q

What does fat break down into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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17
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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18
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises the PH in the stomach and breaks down fat

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19
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder

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20
Q

Explain the structure of the lungs

A

The trachea breaks into 2 bronchi which split off into multiple bronchioles which have alveoli on the ends

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21
Q

What are alveoli?

A

There are millions in the lungs, they are coated in capillaries and carry out gas exchange

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22
Q

Explain the job of alveoli

A

They diffuse oxygen into the blood stream and carbon dioxide out through the network of capillaries around them

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23
Q

Explain the circulatory system

A

It is a double circulatory system - two circuits joined together, one from the heart to the lungs, the other from the heart to the rest of the body

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24
Q

Explain the right side of the heart

A

Deoxygenated Blood into the vena cava vein, into the right atrium and right ventricle, out through the pulmonary artery, going to the lungs

25
Q

Explain the left side of the heart

A

Oxygenated Blood in through the pulmonary artery, through the left atrium and left ventricle, out through the aorta artery, to the rest of the body

26
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the body

27
Q

What is a vein?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

28
Q

What is a capillary?

A

Blood vessels involved in the exchange of materials

29
Q

What are the key features of arteries?

A
  • Their walls are strong and thick
  • they have a small lumen
  • the walls are elasticated and made of muscle due to the high pressure of blood flowing
30
Q

What are the key features of capillaries?

A
  • they are tiny
  • they carry blood very close to cells
  • they have permeable walls for diffusion
  • their walls are one cell thick
31
Q

What are the key features of veins?

A
  • blood flows at lower pressure so the walls aren’t thick
  • they have big lumen to help blood flow
  • they have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction
32
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to cells in the body

33
Q

What are the key features of red blood cells?

A
  • biconcave shape, large surface area
  • no nucleus, more oxygen can be absorbed
  • red pigment called haemoglobin
34
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They defend against infection

35
Q

What does the Phagocyte WBC do?

A

They engulf unwanted microbes

36
Q

What does the Lymphocyte WBC do?

A

They let off antibodies which attach to the microbes antigens and kill it

37
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells which help blood clot

38
Q

Why are platelets important?

A
  • stop blood pouring out

- stop microbes entering the body

39
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid that carries everything in your blood

40
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When fatty deposits block arteries, can lead to heart attacks

41
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

An essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function, too much of a bad one can be harmful

42
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person

43
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t be spread from person to person

44
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Things that are linked to increasing the likelihood of a person developing a disease

45
Q

What is cancer?

A

The uncontrollable growth and division of cells

46
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A NON CANCEROUS tumour

47
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A CANCEROUS tumour that can spread to other parts of the body

48
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer?

A
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • UV exposure
  • viral infection
49
Q

What is an epidermal tissue?

A
  • A tissue within a leaf
  • covers the whole plant
  • lower one is covered in a waxy cuticle to stop water loss
  • upper one is transparent so light can pass through to palisade cells
50
Q

What is palisade mesophyll tissue?

A
  • the part of the lead where photosynthesis happens
  • contains lots of chloroplast
  • near the top so light can be absorbed
51
Q

What is xylem?

A
  • “veins” that carry water around the plant
  • made from dead cells
  • process is called transpiration
52
Q

What is phloem?

A
  • “veins” that transport food in plants

- process is called translocation

53
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • stomata close when it’s dark because photosynthesis can’t happen
  • when closed, very little water escapes
54
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transportation?

A

-when it’s warmer the water particles have more energy to diffuse in and out of the stomata

55
Q

How does air flow effect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • if there is a good air flow, water vapour is swept away
  • meaning there is a Lower concentration of water in the air
  • meaning water can diffuse out easily
56
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • the drier the air, the less water vapour in the air

- making it easier for water to diffuse out

57
Q

Where are stomata found?

A

On the bottom of leaves

58
Q

What is a guard cell?

A

Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

Biology (4 decks)

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