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A-Level PHYSICS Edexcel > Topic 2/6 - Mechanics / Further Mechanics > Flashcards

Topic 2/6 - Mechanics / Further Mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter something contains, kg

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2
Q

weight

A

the force due to gravity pulling two objects together, N

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3
Q

g

A

The acceleration due to gravity

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4
Q

normal contact force

A

a force perpendicular to a surface stopping two objects crushing together.

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5
Q

Tension

A

a force which can be due to compression of stretching of a material

it always comes in pairs

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6
Q

Tension due to stretching

A

the materials molecules are pulled apart and an attractive electromagnetic force between the molecules pulls them back together

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7
Q

Tension due to compression

A

the material molecules are pushed together and a net repulsive electromagnetic force tries to push them further apart

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8
Q

Friction

A

a force that acts against motion between two surfaces in contact.

parallel to motion in the opposite direction

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9
Q

What does the size of a frictional force depend on

A
  • type of surface

- how hard the surfaces are pressed together

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10
Q

moment

A

turning effect on an object. It is the product of the distance perpendicular to the force and the force applied.

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11
Q

moment of a force about a point (Nm) =

A

force (N) * perpendicular distance from the force (m)

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12
Q

couple

A

two forces that are equal and opposite do not act along the same line meaning there is no resultant force but still a turning effect.

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13
Q

principal of moments

A

when an object is in equilibrium the sum of clockwise moments about any point equals the sum of anticlockwise moments about the same point

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14
Q

centre of gravity

A

the point at which we can take its entire weight to act, THERE IS NO MOMENT DUE TO WEIGHT

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15
Q

centre of mass

A

the point at which we can take the entire mass to be concentrated

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16
Q

Stable object

A

the centre of mass and line of action lies between the objects base/supports

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17
Q

locating the centre of mass

A

hang the shape from a pivot point with a plum line and nail
trace along the plum line
repeat from at least 2 more pivots
where all the lines cross is the CoM
(the CoM must be along the line of action because there are no resultant moments)

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18
Q

Distance

A

how much ground an object has covered during its motion (scalar quantity)

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19
Q

Displacement

A

how far out of place an object is and the overall change in the objects position (vector quantity)

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20
Q

speed

A

rate of change of distance

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21
Q

velocity

A

rate of change of displacement

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22
Q

Acceleration

A

rate of change of velocity

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23
Q

straight lines on a displacement time graph

A

constant velocity (if flat the velocity = 0)

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24
Q

instantaneous velocity from a dt graph

A

draw a tangent and find the gradient

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25
Q

distance of journey from a dt graph

A

sum of slope height (not inc negatives)

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26
Q

displacement of journey from a dt graph

A

sum of slope heights inc negatives

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27
Q

acceleration from a dt graph

A

find the initial and final velocity at two points by finding the gradient
divide by the time between the two points to get acceleration

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28
Q

gradient of a vt graph

A

acceleration

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29
Q

area under a vt graph

A

distance/displacement depending on negatives

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30
Q

when can suvat equations be used

A

when an object moves with constant uniform acceleration

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31
Q

Suvat equation: X = X + XX

A

v = u + at

32
Q

Suvat equation: X^n = X^n + nXX

A

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

33
Q

Suvat equation: X = XX - nXX^n

A

s = ut - 1/2at^2

34
Q

Suvat equation: X = n(X +X)X

A

s = 1/2(u + v)t

35
Q

free fall

A

the only force acting on an object is gravity. Accelerate downwards at the same rate

36
Q

terminal velocity

A

the highest attainable velocity of an object as it falls through a fluid. the drag = weight.

terminal velocity can be different speeds i.e. a skydiver will have two different terminal velocities depending on if the parachute is open.

37
Q

projectile motion

A

an object follows a parabolic path

38
Q

approaching a projectiles question

A

resolve the initial velocity into horizontal and vertical components
acceleration only acts on the vertical component and is g.
horizontal distance can be easily calculated using the equation s = vt

39
Q

Newtons first law

A

an object will continue to move with uniform velocity unless acted upon by a resultant external force

40
Q

Newtons second law

A

the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and will act in the same direction as that force
F = (mv-mu)/t or F=ma

41
Q

Newtons third law

A

If object A exerts a force on object B then object B exerts an equal and opposite force back on A

42
Q

Momentum

A

a vector quantity that is the product of the mass and velocity of an object

43
Q

momentum, p (kgm/s) =

A

mass(kg)*velocity(m/s)

44
Q

To have a newtons third law pair:

A
  • forces must have the same magnitude
  • forces act along the same line bu in opposite directions
  • forces act for/at the same time
  • forces act on a different object
  • forces are the same type
45
Q

impulse

A

the increase/decrease in momentum

46
Q

change in momentum =

A

Force * time

47
Q

area under a force time curve

A

the total impulse acting and the total change in momentum produced.

48
Q

principal of conservation of momentum

A

in a closed system, the total momentum is constant so the momentum before a collision is equal to the momentum afterwards.

49
Q

recoil

A

the movement backwards due to conserved momentum

50
Q

work done

A

the energy transferred whenever a force moves an object over a distance. scalar quantity measured in joules.

51
Q

work done, w (J) =

A

force, F (N) * displacement in the direction of the force, s (m)

52
Q

if the force and displacement are not in the same direction when calculating work done:

A

resolve the force

W = Fcosx * s

53
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

54
Q

1 joule

A

the work done when a force of 1N moves through a distance of 1m in the direction of the force

55
Q

power

A

rate of doing work

56
Q

power, P (W) =

A

= work done, w(J) / time takens, t (s)

= force, F (N) * velocity, v (m/s)

57
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the energy an object has because of its motion

58
Q

K.E (J) =

A

1/ 2 * m* v^2

59
Q

Potential energy

A

the energy stored in an object due to its position, state or shape
e.g. gravitational, chemical, elastic, electrical or nuclear

60
Q

GPE =

A

mgh

61
Q

Elastic potential energy =

A

= 1/2Fx

= 1/2 kx^2

62
Q

constant velocity

A

no resultant force and no work is done

63
Q

principle of conservation of energy

A

energy can be transferred from one form to another, bu it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy always remains the same.

64
Q

efficiency

A

the proportion of energy that is usefully transferred is called the efficiency of the machine

65
Q

efficiency =

A

useful out/total in

66
Q

linking k.e. and momentum

K.E. =

A

p^2 / 2m

67
Q

statics

A

objects in equilibrium

68
Q

dynamics

A

objects that are accelerating/decelerating

69
Q

The resultant vector must be drawn where…

A

the bases of the other two vectors meet

70
Q

Why is calculated momentum not always correct?

A

At high speeds mass increases and the equations are only valid for non relativistic speeds.

71
Q

elastic collision

A

100% of energy and momentum conserved

72
Q

impulse

A

change in momentum

73
Q

newtons first law

A

an object will continue to move with uniform velocity unless acted upon by a resultant external force

74
Q

newtons second law

A

the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and will act in the same direction as that force
F = (mv-mu)/t or F=ma

75
Q

newtons third law

A

If object A exerts a force on object B then object B exerts an equal and opposite force back on A

76
Q

conditions for a newtons third law pair

A
  • forces must have the same magnitude
  • forces act along the same line bu in opposite directions
  • forces act for/at the same time
  • forces act on a different object
  • forces are the same type

A-Level PHYSICS Edexcel (16 decks)

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