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Biology A-LEVEL > Topic 2- 2.1 Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Topic 2- 2.1 Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

It is a measure of how close two objects can get before they are seen as one

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2
Q

Describe an electron microscope.

A

It uses a beam of electrons and magnetic lenses to magnify specimens up to 500,000x

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3
Q

Describe a light microscope.

A

It uses a beam of light and optical lenses to magnify objects up to 1500x

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4
Q

What is a transmission electron micrograph?

A

Are micro graphs produced by the electron microscope. They are 2D and are coloured using false colours

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5
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? What is it’s purpose?

A

It is a site for lipid and steroid metabolism and transport this includes hormone synthesis
It is located around the nucleus just as the RER is.
A lot of SER would be found in the testes as testosterone is made here

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6
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? What is it’s purpose?

A
  • It is a site of protein synthesis due to the fact that it is covered in 80S ribosomes. These ribosomes make the proteins.
  • The RER isolates and transports and isolates these proteins once they have been made, they can transport them out of the cell or within it.
  • The amount of RER in a cell can vary depending on what cell it is, for example insulin producing cells have a lot of RER.
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7
Q

What is the Nucleous? What is it’s purpose?

A

Is an extra dense area within the cell made up of almost pure DNA and protein.
It is involved in the production of ribosomes, control of growth and cell division.

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8
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus? What is it’s purpose?

A

It is a series of flattened, membrane pockets called cisternae

  • Proteins are bought to GA from the RER through vesicles
  • Vesicles fuse with the Golgi stacks
  • They are modified and can be concentrated or a carb could be added
  • the vesicles are pinched off of the GA
  • They can move out of or into the cell
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9
Q

What is the lysosome? What is it’s purpose?

A

They appear as dark spherical bodies in the cytoplasm of cells.
A lysosomes will the break down a damaged cell or the contents of a ‘food’ that Enters the cell.
It will break it down and release reusable materials.
Lysosomes can also self destruct if the cell they are in is dying or mutating they can pop and cell suicide, this is known as apoptosis

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10
Q

What is the Nuclear pore? What is it’s function?

A

A hole in the nuclear membrane allowing the nucleus to communicate with the rest of the cell

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11
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The controlled death of a cell through the lysosomes exploding.

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12
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When chemicals/molecules/proteins are made within the cell but are needed elsewhere they move out the cell via exoctosis

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13
Q

What is the Chromatin? What is it’s function?

A
  • It is found within the nucleus.
  • It is the genetic material containing coded information for protein synthesis in the cell
  • It is made up of DNA bound to histone proteins. They are organised into nucleosomes.
  • During cell division the chromatin condense into chromosomes
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14
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

It is a way of referring to the nucleus and the cytoplasm as one

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15
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It allows for chemicals to pass in and out of the nucleus, so that the nucleus can control events within the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

How does the mitochondria make ATP energy?

A

Thy oxidise simple molecules

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17
Q

What are cristae?

A

They are the folded inner membrane of the mitochondria which allow for a large surface area for aerobic respiration to take place

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18
Q

What are centrioles?

A

The are found in a pair near the nucleus they are made up of 9 tubules which aid in the movement of chromosomes during cell division

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19
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It is a jelly-like liquid that makes up the bulk of the cell and contain the organelles

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19
Q

What is a Nucleus?

A

A nucleus contains the DNA and RNA, it controls the actions of the cell.

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19
Q

What is the ultrastructure?

A

The ultrastructure of the cell is the organisation of cells and organelles only visible underneath an electron microscope.

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20
Q

What does intracellular mean?

A

It refers to anything inside of the cell

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21
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Found within the nucleus.
They are the site of aerobic respiration.
The inner membrane is folded to form Crista giving a large surface area surrounded by a fluid matrix

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22
Q

What are eubacteria?

A

True bacteria. Relates to the theory that mitochondria used to be symbiotic eubacteria living within cells. Known as the endosymbiosis theory

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23
Q

What is a spindle?

A

When the centriole pulls apart during cell division to produce a spindle or microtubules that aid in the movement of the chromosomes

24
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It is a dynamic 3D web-like structure that fills the cytoplasm. It is made up of microfilaments and microtubules.
They are made up of Tubulin.
It gives the cytoplasm structure, keeps the organelles in place and aids in transports within the cell

25
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

They are protein fibres that make up part of the structure of cytoplasm

26
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Tiny protein tubes that make up part of the structure of the cytoplasm

27
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are fluid-filled cavity’s within the cytoplasm of a cell surrounded by a membrane.
In animal cells they are not permanent and are formed for specific purposes

28
Q

What are contractile vacuoles?

A

They are vacuoles that can fill and empty to help control the concentration of the cytoplasm of simple freshwater animals

29
Q

What is a scanning electron micrograph?

A

Are micrograph produced by an electron microscope they produce a 3D image

30
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Is a freely permeable wall around plant cells, made mainly of cellulose

31
Q

What is Suberin?

A

Is a chemical that impregnates cell walls in cork tissues and make them impermeable

32
Q

What is lignin?

A

Is a chemical that impregnates cellulose cell walls in wood and makes it impermeable

33
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

It is the first layer of the plant cell that is formed after division. It is made of mainly calcium pectate which glues the layers of cellulose together.

34
Q

What is pectin?

A

It is a polysaccharide that holds cell walls of neighbouring plant cells together and is part of the structure of the primary cell wall o

35
Q

What is the primary cell wall?

A

It is the first very flexible part of the cell wall to from with all of the cellulose microfibres oriented in the same direction

36
Q

What is the secondary cell wall?

A

It is the olde plant cell wall in which the cellulose microfibrils have built up at different angles to each other making it more sturdy.

37
Q

What are plant fibres?

A

They are long cells with cellulose cell walls that have been heavily lignified so they are rigid and very strong

38
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Are cytoplasmic bridges Between plant cells that allow communication between the cells.

39
Q

What are symplasts?

A

They are the interconnected cytoplasm of plant cells, connected by plasmodesmata.

40
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

Is a specialised membrane that surrounds the permanent vacuole in plant cells and controls movements of substances into and out of the cell sap.

41
Q

What is cell sap?

A

Is the aqueous solution that fills the permanent vacuole

42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

It is a type of diffusion which involves the movement of solvent molecules down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane

43
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

Is an organelle adapted to carry out photosynthesis, containing the green pigment chlorophyll

44
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Is the green pigment found inside chloroplasts. They are responsible for trapping the energy from light, making it available for the plant to use in photosynthesis.

45
Q

What are amyloplasts?

A

Are plant organelles that store starch

46
Q

What are 80s ribosomes?

A

Are the main type of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells, consisting of ribosomal RNA and protein, made up of a 60s and 40s subunit. They are the site of protein synthesis.

47
Q

What are 70s ribosomes?

A

They are found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic organisms

48
Q

What are organelles?

A

They are sub-cellular bodies found in the cytoplasm of cells.

49
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

They have genetic material in their membrane bound nucleus

They also contain a number of membrane bound organelles

50
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

They are organisms that do not have their genetic material contained within a membrane bound nucleus

51
Q

What is the cell surface membrane?

A

Is the membrane that forms the outer boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the movement of substances in and out.

52
Q

What are vesicles?

A

They are membrane ‘bags’ that hold secretions that are made in cells

53
Q

What are polar lipids?

A

Are lipids with one end attached to a polar group

54
Q

What are gated channels?

A

Are protein channels through the lipid bilayer of a membrane that are opened or closed, depending on conditions in the cell

55
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Is the current model of the structure of the cell membrane including floating proteins forming pores, channels and Carrier systems in a lipid bilayer.

56
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Is a group of specialised cells carrying out a particular function in the body.

57
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

They are tissues that form the lining of surfaces inside and outside of the body.

58
Q

What is an organ system?

A

It is a group of organs working together to carry out particular functions in the body

Biology A-LEVEL (12 decks)

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