Topic 1 - 1.1 Chemistry for life/ 1.2 carbohydrates 1

Question 1

What is the function of Nitrate Ions?

Answer 1

Needed in plants to form amino acids

Needed in humans for the production of DNA

Question 2

What is the function of phosphate ions?

Answer 2

It is needed in all living organisms for the formation of ATP, ADP, DNA and RNA

Question 3

What is the function of Chloride Ions?

Answer 3

Needed in nerve impulses and many secretory systems

Question 4

What is the function of hydrogen carbonate ions?

Answer 4

It is needed to buffer the blood to prevent it from becoming too acidic

Question 5

What is the function of sodium ions?

Answer 5

Needed in nerve impulses and many secretory systems

Question 6

What is the function of calcium ions?

Answer 6

Needed in animals for bone formation and muscle contractions

Needed in plants for the formation of calcium pectate in plants

Question 7

What is the function of hydrogen ions?

Answer 7

They are needed in cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Question 8

What is the function of magnesium ions

Answer 8

For production of chlorophyll

Question 9

What is an anion?

Answer 9

An anion is a negative ion formed when gaining an electron

Question 10

What is a cation?

Answer 10

A cation is a positive ion formed when an atom loses an electron

Question 11

What is an Ionic bond?

Answer 11

They are attractive forces between oppositely charged electons

Question 12

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 12

Are formed when atoms share electrons.

Question 13

What is a dipole?

Answer 13

It is the separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in a covalent bond are not evenly shared

Question 14

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 14

Is a molecule containing a dipole.

Question 15

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 15

They are weak electrostatic intermolecular Bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom.

Question 16

In a water molecule what is the degree between the two hydrogen atoms?

Answer 16

104.5 degrees

Question 17

Give some of the main properties of water.

Answer 17

• Water is a polar solvent, therefore things dissolve into it well.
• Excellent transport medium because so much can dissolve into it
• Liquid water is more dense than ice
• Water is slow to absorb and release heat, high SHC
• It cannot be compressed
• The water molecules are cohesive and so stick to surfaces

Question 18

What is a monomer?

Answer 18

A monomer is a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer.

Question 19

What is a polymer?

Answer 19

A polymer is a long chain molecule made up of smaller repeating monomer units.

Question 20

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 20

A very large molecule often formed often formed by polymerisation.

Question 21

What is starch?

Answer 21

It is a long chain polymer formed by joining alpha and beta glucose

Question 22

What is sucrose?

Answer 22

It is a sweetener formed by combing alpha glucose and fructose by a glycosidic bond.

Question 23

What is glucose?

Answer 23

It is a hexose sugar

Question 24

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 24

A single sugar monomer in which there is one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon present in the molecule.
The general formula for this is (CH2O)n

For example triose sugars (n=3) have three carbon atoms and the molecular formula C3H6O3

Question 25

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 25

Is a sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction.

Question 26

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 26

Is a polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 27

What is a triose sugar?

Answer 27

It contains 3 carbon atoms

Question 28

What is a penthouse sugar?

Answer 28

Made up of 5 carbon atoms

Question 29

What is ribose?

Answer 29

A pentose sugar that makes up RNA

Question 30

What is Deoxyribose?

Answer 30

Is a pentose sugar that makes up DNA

Question 31

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

Answer 31

DNA

Question 32

What is ribonucleic acid?

Answer 32

Is a nucleic acid that can act as the genetic material in some organisms and is sin loved in protein synthesis

Question 33

What is a hexose sugar?

Answer 33

Is a sugar with six carbon atoms

Question 34

What is an isomer?

Answer 34

They are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures.

Question 35

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 35

Is a reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

Question 36

What is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 36

Is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction.

Question 37

What are reducing sugars?

Answer 37

Are sugars that react with blue Benedictus solution and reduce the copper(11) ions to copper(1) ions giving an orange precipitate

Question 38

What are non-reducing sugars?

Answer 38

Are sugars that do not react with Benedictus solution.

Question 39

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

Answer 39

On the right ‘branch’ of the a and b glucose the H and OH molecules are flipped.
a-glucose has a H on top and a OH on the bottom
B-glucose has a OH on the top and a H on the bottom

Question 40

Describe the hydrogen bonds in water.

Answer 40

Each water molecule is H2O however each Oxygen atom in each water molecule forms a weak hydrogen bond with another H2O. This causes the atoms of water to stick together more than normal.