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NSG 318 TOPIC 1-4 > TOPIC 2 > Flashcards

TOPIC 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pharmacokinetic phases?

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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2
Q

absorption

A

movement of the drug from the GI tract into the bloodstream after administration

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3
Q

distribution

A

movement of drugs from circulation into body tissues

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4
Q

metabolism (biotransformation)

A

body chemically changes drugs to a form that can be excreted

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5
Q

excretion

A

elimination of drugs from the body

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6
Q

disintegration

A

breakdown of oral drug into small particles

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7
Q

dissolution

A

process of combining small drug particles with liquid to form a solution

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8
Q

What are the two components of passive transport?

A

diffusion and facilitated transport

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9
Q

diffusion

A

drugs movement across cell membrane from high to low concentration

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10
Q

facilitated transport

A

relies on a carrier protein to move drug from high to low concentration

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11
Q

active transport

A

REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) and carrier substance (enzyme)

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12
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell carries drug across membrane by engulfing drug particles

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13
Q

What are the factors that affect absorption?

A

blood circulation
pain, stress
food texture, fat content, temperature
pH
route of administration

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14
Q

How do drugs move from the GI tract to the liver?

A

via the hepatic portal vein

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15
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

After oral administration, many drugs are absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually decreasing the bioavailability of certain oral medications.

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16
Q

bioavailability

A

percent of administered drug available for activity
what reaches systemic circulation (blood stream)

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17
Q

Which has more bioavailability, oral route or IV?

A

oral route will have less bioavailability because it passes through the liver
IV administration bypasses the liver

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18
Q

What are factors that affect bioavailability?

A

drug form
route of administration
gastric mucosa and motility
administration with food and other drugs
changes in liver metabolism

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19
Q

What happens when 2 highly protein bound drugs are administer together?

A

the drugs will compete for protein binding sites and this will lead to an increase in the free drugs of the drug that had the lower percent of protein binding

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20
Q

free drugs

A

can exit blood vessels and reach their site of action causing pharmacological response
(too high of free drug accumulation can cause side effects, adverse effects, or toxicity)

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21
Q

What are the requirements of a drug to pass the blood brain barrier?

A

high lipid soluble
low molecular weight
and can pass with a transport protein

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22
Q

half life (t1/2)

A

time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half

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23
Q

loading dose

A

a large initial dose given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma
therapeutic effects can be obtained while steady state is reached

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24
Q

Where is the primary site of metabolism?

A

liver

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25
Q

What lab test help determine if liver function is good?

A

aspirate transaminase (AST)
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
alkaline phosphate (ALP)

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26
Q

Where is the main site of excretion?

A

kidneys

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27
Q

What helps determine kidney function?

A

creatinine clearance
BUN
GFR

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28
Q

Where can drugs be excreted?

A

kidneys (mainly)
liver (bile)
feces
lungs
saliva, sweat, breast milk

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29
Q

What can protein binding be affected by?

A

competition for protein binding sites
low plasma protein levels

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30
Q

What affects drug distribution?

A

blood flow to tissues
ability of drug to enter the cell
ability of drug to exit blood vessels

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31
Q

What are the 3 excretion processes? Explain each.

A

glomerular filtration: moving the drug from the blood to urine
passive reabsorption: lipid soluble drugs move back to blood
active transport: “pumps” for organic acid and base to move drugs from blood to urine

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32
Q

When the liver eliminates bile, in what form is it excreted?

A

excreted in feces

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33
Q

What kind of drugs have ready access to breast milk?

A

lipid-soluble

34
Q

What are the factors that affect drug excretion?

A

drugs that affect renal excretion
drugs that decrease cardia output
use of diuretics
competition of drugs that undergo the same route of excretion
change of urine pH
patients with decreased renal to hepatic function

35
Q

Acidic urine promotes elimination of

A

weak base drugs

36
Q

Alkaline urine promotes elimination of

A

weak acid drug

37
Q

What labs are taken to test kidney function?

A

creatinine (CR)
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

38
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of the way drugs affect the body

39
Q

primary effect

A

desirable response of the drug

40
Q

secondary effect

A

desirable or undesirable response of the drug

41
Q

potency

A

amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug

42
Q

therapeutic index

A

relationship between therapeutic and toxic dose

43
Q

peak

A

highest concentration in the blood

43
Q

onset

A

time it takes for drug to reach minimum effective concentration (therapeutic response)

44
Q

duration

A

length of time for a drug to exert a therapeutic effect

45
Q

peak drug level

A

the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time
indicates the rate of absorption

46
Q

trough drug level

A

the lowest plasma concentration of a drug
measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated

47
Q

non-specific (non-selective) drugs

A

drugs that affect multiple receptor sites

48
Q

agonist

A

activate receptors, produce a desired response

49
Q

antagonists

A

prevent receptor activation, block response

50
Q

Where are cholinergic receptors located?

A

bladder, heart, blood vessels, stomach, bronchi, and eyes

51
Q

What receptors does epinephrine act on?

A

alpha and beta receptors

52
Q

What are the mechanisms of drug action?

A

stimulation
depression
irritation
replacement
cytotoxic action
antimicrobial action
modification of immune status

53
Q

stimulation drug

A

enhances intrinsic activity (increase heart rate, breathing rate, sweating, fight-or-flight response)

54
Q

depressant drugs

A

decrease CNS (neural) activity and bodily functions

55
Q

irritant drugs

A

have a noxious effect, such as astringents

56
Q

replacement drugs

A

replace essential body compounds (insulin, thyroid drugs, hormone replacements)

57
Q

cytotoxic drugs

A

selectively kill invading parasites or cancers

58
Q

antimicrobial drugs

A

prevent, inhibit, or kill infectious organisms

59
Q

immune modification drugs

A

modify, enhance or depress the immune system

60
Q

side effects

A

secondary effects of drug therapy

61
Q

What are some factors that play into side effect actions?

A

chronic illness, age, weight, gender, ethnicity

62
Q

adverse drug reactions (ADRs)

A

unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal drug dosages

63
Q

drug toxicity

A

occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range

64
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

study of how genetics play a role in a persons response to drugs

65
Q

tolerance

A

decreased responsiveness of a drug over the course of therapy (this individual would require a higher dosage of a drug to achieve the same therapeutic response)

66
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

rapid decrease in response to a drug

67
Q

placebo effect

A

drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of the drug, influenced by the beliefs, attitudes and expectations

68
Q

drug interactions

A

altered drug effect due to interaction with another drug

69
Q

drug incompatibility

A

a chemical or physical reaction that occurs among two or more drugs in vitro (reaction occurs outside of the body- like in the IV or artificial environment)

70
Q

pharmacokinetic interactions

A

changes that occur in the absorption, distribution, metabolism/biotransformation, and excretion of one or more drugs

71
Q

additive effects

A

sum of the effects of the two drugs

72
Q

synergistic effect

A

effect of the two drugs given together is much greater than effects of either drug alone

73
Q

antagonistic effect

A

one drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other

74
Q

drug nutrient interactions

A

food may increase, decrease, or delay drug response

75
Q

drug laboratory interactions

A

drugs may cause misinterpretation of test results

76
Q

drug induced photosensitivity

A

skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight

77
Q

genomics

A

study of all the genes in the human genome together, including their interactions with one another with one another, their interactions with the environment and the influence of other cultural and psychosocial factors

78
Q

What is the purpose of knowing a patients genomic information?

A

so that treatments can be tailored/personalized per patient

79
Q

carrier testing

A

testing to determine if a person “carries” the genetic variation that causes a disease

80
Q

diagnostic testing

A

identifies genetic variation that is either causing a person to have a genetic condition/disease or may cause a condition in the future

NSG 318 TOPIC 1-4 (6 decks)

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