Topic 2 Flashcards
Definition of Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, and Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide: This is a monomer of a hydrate.
Disaccharide: A substance that is composed of two simple sugars and/or monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide: Monosaccharides joined with disaccharides.
Beta vs. Alpha Glucose
Beta Glucose: Opposite sided 1-4 hydroxyl groups.
Alpha Glucose: Same sided 1-4 hydroxyl groups.
Functions of Lipids
Storage of energy (triglycerides)
Hormonal roles (steroids)
Insulation (thermal)
Protection of organs
Structural roles (cholesterol)
Definition of semi-conservative in DNA Replication
One strand is from an original template molecule and one strand is newly synthesised. This occurs because each base will only pair with its complementary partner and thus ensure the sequence is conserved
DNA Polymerase Movement
Free nucleotides line up opposite complementary partners. DNA Pol III covalently joins the free nucleotides together. They move from 5’-3’.
Function of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an artificial method
of DNA replication that is used to rapidly copy sequences.
PCR Reaction
Denaturation: DNA heated in order to separate strands
Annealing: Primers attach to ends of a target sequence
Elongation: A heat-tolerant polymerase copies strands
Role of RNA in Translation/Transcription
mRNA – Transcript used to make protein
tRNA – Transfers amino acid to ribosome
rRNA – Catalytic component of ribosome
Definition of Transcription/Translation
Transcription: Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA sequence from a DNA template, and this happens in the nucleus of the cell.
Translation: Translation is the process of polypeptide synthesis by the ribosome, and this happens within ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis
Cell respiration begins with the breakdown of glucose through a process called glycolysis, and this occurs in the cytosol. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate (×2). There is a small ATP yield (net gain = 2 ATP). Requires the reduction of NAD+ (to form NADH).
