Topic 1 Flashcards
Cell Theory
The Functions of Life
Metabolism, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Homeostasis, Excretion, Nutrition, Growth
Cell Theory
Three Parts of Cell Theory/Creator
- Living organisms are composed of cells (or cell products)
- The cell is the smallest unit of independent life
- Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
Creator of the Cell Theory was Theodor Schwann
Cell Theory Discrepancies
Striated muscle – composed of fused cells that are multinucleated, Giant algae – unicellular organisms that are very large in size (~7 cm), and Aseptate hyphae – lack partitioning and have a continuous cytoplasm
Characteristics of Paramecium
A unicellular organism that is photosynthetic .
Characteristics of Chlamydomonas
A unicellular alga that resides in soil and freshwater habitats. It is green and carries out photosynthesis, but is not a true plant.
Spontaneous Generation/ Experiments
This is the formation of cells from non-living matter. Experiments that have explored this were conducted by Miller and Urey.
Definition of polymerization, monomer and polymer
Polymerization- The process by which molecular molecules come together in a chemical reaction in order to form polymer chains.
Monomer- A molecule with the ability to be bonded to other identical molecules in an effort to form a polymer.
Polymer- A substance consisting of molecules that holds repeating units.
Two properties of RNA that would have allowed it to play a role in the origin of life
They have the ability to drive chemical reactions. They carry genetic information such as DNA.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Differences
Prokaryotes: DNA is naked, DNA is circular, Usually no introns, No nucleus, 70S ribosomes, Via binary fission, Single chromosome, and Smaller (~1 – 5 µM).
Eukaryotes: DNA bound to protein, DNA is linear, Usually contains introns, Has a nucleus, 80S ribosomes, Via mitosis and meiosis, Paired chromosomes, and Larger (~10 – 100 µM).
Definition of Extracellular
Situated or taking place outside of the cell.
Definition of Resolution
Making individual parts of an object distinguishable by eye.
Maximum Resolutions of a light microscope vs. an electron microscope
Light Microscope-200 nanometers
Electron Microscope-1 nanometer
This means that the electron microscopes have the ability to reveal the ultrastructure of a cell, but a light microscope can only reveal the simple structure.
Structures that are visible with electron microscopes but not with a light microscope
Cell membranes, ribosomes, and filaments.
Definition of Micrograph
A micrograph is a photograph that was taken through the means of a microscope.
Magnification of a micrograph vs. magnification of a microscope
The image depicted within a microscope is often smaller than a micrograph or drawing. That means a microscope is more magnified than a micrograph.
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
Unicellular- Organisms consisting of a singular cell.
Multicellular- Organisms composed of a single mass of cells.
Definition of emergent properties
Characteristics of a whole organism, including their existence are emergent properties.
Definition of tissue
A layer of cells working together in order to perform a specific action and/or function.
Cell specialization in a multicellular organism benefits
Benefits of cell specialization in multicellular organisms are:
*Cells can be more efficient when carrying out their roles
*The can develop an ideal structure, so they will have all the proper enzymes.
Definition of differentiation
Differentiation is the development of cells in varying ways in order to carry out specific functions.
Gene expression and Cell differentiation Relationship
Differentiation involves the expression of some genes, but not other genes within the genome of a cell.
Definition of Zygote and Embryo
Zygote-A zygote is a diploid cell that is the result of the fusion of two haploid gametes.
Embryo-This is the first stage of development within a multicellular organism.
Two Key Properties of Stem Cells
- Stem cells can divide over and over to make large quantities.
- Stem Cells can differentiate in different ways to produce different cells.
Definition of totipotent, multipotent and pluripotent
Totipotent- Capable of giving rise to any cell type.
Multipotent- Cells that can develop into more than one cell type.
Pluripotent-Capable of giving rise to multiple cell types.
