topic 2 Flashcards
Define and discuss the goals of public health.
Public health is a multidisciplinary field whose goal is to promote the health of the population through organised community efforts. In contrast to medicine, which focuses mainly on treating illness in separate individuals, public health focuses on preventing illness in the community. Key public health activities include assessing the health status of the population, diagnosing its problems, searching for the causes of those problems, and designing solutions for them.
Define and explain epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations and the application of this study to control health problems
explain what John Graunt, James Lind, William Farr, and John Snow did in terms of emidmiology.
John Graunt
* Population and mortality statistics surveyorship chart
* Plague (1636)
* Modern demography
* Published: Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality (made the bills of mortality and would keep count of those who died
James lind
* Benefit to the field of preventative medicine
* Improved nutrition
* Helped to lead modern clinical trials
. in treated in the treatment of scurvy which he found was due to lack of vitamin c
William farr
* Used statistical data to test social hypothesis
* Classified causes of death
* Relationship: population density and mortality rates
* Mapped deaths, monitored outbreaks, developed categorisation system
-Farr demonstrated a relationship between population density and mortality rates. .He also mapped deaths, monitored outbreaks, and developed a new categorisation system for causes of death.
John snow
* First person to count and map cases geographically
* Cholera spread by water
* Beginning of epidemiology
* The study of health outcomes in populations
- Describe a person in anatomical position
Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward (figure 1a). A person is supine when lying face upward and prone when lying face downward. Figure 1a shows an individual in the anatomical position as seen from the front, called an anterior view. Figure 1b shows the body as seen from the back, called a posterior view.
- Define the directional terms for the human body, and use them to locate specific body structures.
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. For example, anterior refers to the front of the body when viewed in the anatomical position. In humans, this term is equivalent to ventral, which refers to the belly. Posterior refers to the back of the body; this term is equivalent to dorsal..
When reading anatomical descriptions, remember that the terms left and right always refer to the left and right sides of the subject, not of the observer.
In humans, superior is synonymous with cephalic, which means toward the head, because, when we are in the anatomical position, the head is the highest point. In humans, the term inferior is synonymous with caudal, which means toward the tail, which would be located at the end of the vertebral column if humans had tails. The terms cephalic and caudal can be used to describe directional movements on the trunk, but they are not used to describe directional movements on the limbs.
Proximal means “nearest,” whereas distal means “distant.” These terms are used to refer to linear structures, such as the limbs, in which one end is near another structure and the other end is farther away. Each limb is attached at its proximal end to the body, and the distal end, such as the hand, is farther away.
Medial means “toward the midline,” and lateral means “away from the midline.” The nose is in a medial position in the face, and the eyes are lateral to the nose. Superficial describes a structure close to the surface of the body, and deep is toward the interior of the body. The skin is superficial to muscle and bone.
describe were each plane of the body is located
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describe were the Abdominopelvic Quadrants are
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