Topic 2 Flashcards by James Pocknee

2.1

Structure and function of the ventilatory system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of the ventilatory system

Mouth
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of the conducting airways

Low resistance pathway for airflow
Defence against harmful substances or chemicals that can be inhaled
Warms and moistens air

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pulmonary ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation is the inflow and outflow of air into the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Total lung capacity

The volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vital capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tidal volume

The volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Expiratory reserve volume

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inspiratory reserve volume

The volume of air a person can inhale in excess of their tidal volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Residual volume

Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs

The diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles allow the ribs to expand allowing the lungs to contain more air.

Boyle’s law states that an increase in pressure leads to a decrease in volume and an increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise

Ventilation increases as a direct result of increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to increased carbon dioxide content in the blood detected by the respiratory centre. This results in an increase in the rate and depth of inhalation.

Neutral control of ventilation includes lung strech receptors, muscle proprioreceptors and chemoreceptors.

The role of hydrogen ions and reference to partial pressure of oxygen are not required.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Outline the role of hemoglobin on blood

98.5% of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin whithin red blood cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli

The delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. These processes occur through diffusion.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2.2

Structure and function of the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Composition of blood

Composed of:
Plasma (55%)
Red blood cells (45%) - Erythrocytes
White blood cells and platelets (<1%) - Leucocytes

Functions of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets

Erythrocytes - Contain haemoglobin which is responsible for transporting oxygen

Leucocytes - Protect the body from infection an diseases

Platelets - Assists the process of repair following injury (blood clotting)

Anatomy of the heart - Chambers

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

(On diagrams left is right and right is left)

Anatomy of the heart - Valves

Going from left to right on diagrams (right to left in real life)

Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Aortic
Bicuspid

Anatomy of the heart - Blood vessels

Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta

Pulmonary and systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation - The flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, through the pulmonary artery, to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated and then travels through the pulmonary veins back to the heart, ready to be pumped to the rest of the body.

Systemic circulation - The flow of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the aorta to the rest of the body.

Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate

The heart has its own pacemaker, but heart rate is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and by adrenaline.

The sequence of excitation of the heart muscle

The electrical impulse is generated at the sinoatrial node (SA node) and travels across the atria to the atrioventricular node (AV node) and then to the ventricles, which allows the heart to beat

Describe the relationship between heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) at rest and during exercise

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate

At rest, CO, SV and HR remain constant
During exercise HR and SV increase, therefore CO is larger

Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate for different populations at rest and during exercise

Men vs Women Men have a lower resting HR but they are equal at max Men have a higher SV compared to women Men have a higher VO2 max Women peak is late teens, men peak is early 20s Young vs Old Young people have a higher HR than older people Young people therefore have a higher SV Dependant on training Trained vs Untrained Trained people have a lower resting HR but at max are equal Trained people have a higher SV Trained people therefore have a higher VO2 max

Explain cardiovasuclar drift

Cardiovascular drift is the increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume during exercise. The stroke volume decreases as when a person sweats, their blood viscosity changes and becomes thicker which makes it harder to pump.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure - the force excerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction Diastolic blood pressure - the force excerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure pressure during static and dynamic exercise

At rest, systolic pressure and diastolic blood pressure remains constant During static exercise, systolic blood pressure increases and diastolic blood pressure increases During dynamic exercise, systolic blood pressure increases slowly and diastolic blood pressure remains constant

Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the distribution of blood during exercise

At rest, blood is distributed equally throughout the body as all muscles are working more or less the same During exercise, blood is distributed to the muscles that are doing the most work and therefore need the most oxygen

Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training

As the left ventricular volume increases, the stroke volume also increases and the heart rate decreases. Capilarisation is increased and arterio-venous oxygen difference is increased.

Explain maximal oxygen consumption

Maximal oxygen consumption/VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen that a person breathes in whilst exercising at their maximum level.

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in males vs females, old vs young, trained vs untrained

Older people generally have a higher maximal oxygen consumption compared to younger people, but it is dependant on how active and fit they are Males tend to have a higher VO2 max compared to females as their stroke volume is on average higher at max. Trained people have a higher VO2 max compared to untrained people as they have a higher max stroke volume

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different types of exercise

Running vs arm ergometry Running requires a higher maximal oxygen consumption when compared to arm ergometry as it involves a greater muscle mass. This means more oxygen is required to allow the muscles to function. It is also important to consider that previous training in each exercise will change the maximal oxygen consumption required.