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Biology 107 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

CHOPN

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2
Q

Protein

A

CHOSN

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3
Q

Water is a ….

A

Polar molecule due to highly electronegative oxygen atom

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4
Q

Dipole

A

Unequal distribution of e-

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5
Q

(cohesion) H2O can interact with any

A

polar or charged molecule

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6
Q

(strong) Covalent bonds

A

is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. Molecules consist of 2+ atoms with covalent bonds

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7
Q

(strong) Ionic bonds

A

e- is transferred between two atoms with opposite electronegativities, atoms become charged and stay associated

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8
Q

(weak) hydrogen bond

A

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

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9
Q

(weak) Vander Waal

A

interactions are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

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10
Q

Why are carbons good?

A
  1. Can bond with 4 other atoms
  2. Can form chains
  3. Can form abundant (molecular diversity)
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11
Q

Macromolecules

A

are large and complex molecules that are composed of many covalently connected atoms

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12
Q

Polymer

A

is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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13
Q

monomers

A

The smaller, repeating molecules that serve as building blocks

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14
Q

4 of lifes organic molecules are polymers

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and Lipids

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15
Q

Synthesis

A

Growing the chain

requires energy

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16
Q

Breakdown

A

Cleavage of covalent

energy is available

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17
Q

Carbohydrates

A

include sugar and polymers of sugars .
Energy storage.
Cell structure.
Cell-cell recognition

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18
Q

Simple or single sugars

A

monosaccharides (CH2O)

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19
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules

A

polysaccharide

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20
Q

Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

A

the main energy source for cells

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21
Q

disaccharide

A

forms when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Glycosidic linkage

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22
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharides of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

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23
Q

Surplus starch

A

store as granules within chloroplasts, and other plastids

24
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals and fungi (mainly in liver and muscle cells.

25
Q

Hydrolysis of glycogen

A

releases glucose when the demand for energy increases.

26
Q

Cellulose

A

major component of plants cell walls

polymer of glucose

27
Q

chitin (polysaccharide)

A

is found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

28
Q

lipids

A

are the one class of large biological molecules that does not form polymers

29
Q

fats

A

storage of energy

glycerol and fatty and acid

30
Q

phospholipids

A

membranes

31
Q

steroids

A

membranes, hormones signalling

32
Q

Glycerol

A

3C alcohol, each C has an OH (reactive

33
Q

Fatty acids

A

a long CH chain carboxyl (O=C-HO) group at one end

34
Q

Saturated fats

A

Only C-C

Most animal fat

35
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Some C=C liquid

36
Q

Steroids

A

CH skeleton with 4 rings fused
Hormones: estrogen, testosterone , Cholesterol
Stability of membranes

37
Q

Functions of protein

A 
Catalyzing chemical reactions
Structural support
Storage 
Transport
Cellular communications
Movement
Defense against foreign substances
38
Q

amino acids are linked by

A

peptide

39
Q

Primary structure

A

is determined by inherited genetic information

40
Q

Secondary structure

A

interaction b/w backbone polypeptide

helix, sheet

41
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall shape of polypeptide and is determined by interactions between R groups, not by interactions between constituents

42
Q

Quaternary structure

A

results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

43
Q

Affect protein structure

A

pH
Salt concentration
Temperature
other environmental

44
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Provides directions for its own replication

Directs synthesis of messenger RNA ((mRNA and through mRNA controls protein systhesis (gene expression - ribosomes)

45
Q

RNA

A

transmit info in the cell

46
Q

miRNA

A

gene regulation

47
Q

snRNA

A

splicing

48
Q

Components of nucleic acids

A

1’C - Nitro base attaches
2’C - DNA just H RNA OH
3’C - essential for polymerization
5’C- Phosphate group attaches

49
Q

Basic structure of monomer

A

1) nitrogen base
2) 5C sugar (pentose)
3) Phosphate group

50
Q

nucleoside

A

nitrogenous + sugar

51
Q

nucleotide

A

nucleoside + phosphate group

52
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single ring
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

53
Q

Purines

A

double ring
Adenine
Guanine

54
Q

DNA

A

H

55
Q

RNA

A

OH

56
Q

Backbone

A

suagr phosphate

57
Q

Phosphodiester

A

Covalent dehydration reaction

Biology 107 (6 decks)

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