topic 1B: caridac

Question 1

role of tendons in heart valves

Answer 1

prevent vales from turnign inside out when the ventricles contact under high pressure

Question 2

how do elastic fibres in artery walls contirbute to maintaing blood pressure

Answer 2

they stretch, then recoil. the recoil squeezes blood, mainting pressure and ensuring continous flow

Question 3

4 structures of the ehart to support its funciton as a pump

Answer 3

chmabers- strong walls to pump blood
valves- ensure one way flow
septum- seperates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
caridac muslce- contracts withuot fatigue

Question 4

why do capillaries hve thin walls and how does this facilate diffusion

Answer 4

they hve one cell thick walls for diffusion.

Question 5

how does an aneurysm form and wt r the consequences

Answer 5

it forms when an artery walls weaknes and swells due to plaque buildup. consequences r like breakage, internal bleeding, stroke, death

Question 6

wt is atherosclerisis and how does it develop over time

Answer 6

atherosclerosis is the hardening of arteries. plaques build up, triggered by damage to the artery lining and can resitirct blood flow

Question 7

wt is the relationship between high blood pressure and the development of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 7

high blood pressure can damage artery linings, leading to plaque foemation and increased risk of CVDs

Question 8

2 sympotoms of angina

Answer 8

chest pain
breathlessness

Question 9

wt causes myocardial infarction and how does it relate to atherosclerosis

Answer 9

myocaridal infarction (heart attack) is often caused by a blood clot due to atherosclerosis. plaques form atherosclerosis and damage arteris, leading to clots

Question 10

how does cholesterol relate to heart disease and wt types of lipoproteins r invloved

Answer 10

high chloestoel specially LDLs can lead to heart disease. LDLs deposit cholesterol while HDLs help remove it

Question 11

wt r stratins and how do they fucniton in reducing cholesterol levels

Answer 11

they lower cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the liver, reudicng LDL productions imporving the LDL and HDL balance

Question 12

5 treatments for managing atherosclerosis

Answer 12

lifestyle change
antihypertensives
statins
anticoagulants
platele inhibitors

Question 13

diff between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes

Answer 13

ischemic - blockage cuts off blood to the brain
hemorrhagic - bleeding from damaged brain capilaries

Question 14

how does low vitamin C intake on cardiovascular health

Answer 14

low vitamin C may lead to scurvy and damaged blood vessels, leading to CVD risk

Question 15

wt role do platelets play in the formation of blood clots related to atherosclerosis

Answer 15

plateletes stick to damaged plaque in arteries, trigering the blood clotting process and forming clot. this can block the artery causing a heart attack

Question 16

how do LDLs and HDLs differ in their roles related to cholesterol and heart disease

Answer 16

LDLs carry cholesterol to cells and high levels can lead to plaque buildup
HDLs remove cholesterol from tissues and artiers reducing plaque

Question 17

3 funcitons of peripheral arteries in teh criculatory system

Answer 17

carry blood away from the heart
control blood flow to organs by contristincg lumen size
regulate organ activity

Question 18

how might individual genetic differences affect cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular risk

Answer 18

genes affect fat metabolism, LDL and HDL balance and cholesterol levels.

Question 19

why do large multicellular organisms needs internal transport systems

Answer 19

they need them to trnasport oxygen,nutrients, hormones to cells and remove waste efficeintly

Question 20

how do thromboplastin and calcium ions contribute to blood clotting

Answer 20

thromboplastin starts clotting by converting prothrombin to thrombin
calcium ions r needed for this conversion to happen

Question 21

wt adaptation allow mammals to sustain a higher metabollic rate compared to other animals

Answer 21

mammals hve double circulation
they also hve efficient oxygen transport to cells

Question 22

how does the criculatory system differ fish and mammals

Answer 22

fish hve a single-loop system , where blood passes thru the heart one per circuit.
mammals hve a double-loop system, with seperate pulmoary and systemic cirucits

Question 23

how does the biconcave shape of red blood cells aid their function

Answer 23

their biconcave shape increases the surface area to volme ratio, which helps oxygen to diffuse in and out of the cell quicker

Question 24

wt role does dietary fats play in the risk of developing CVD

Answer 24

high saturated fat intake correlates with high blood cholesterol and LDLS, increasing CVD risk

Question 25

wt is atherosclerosis

Answer 25

its the hardening of arteries. plaque builds up inside, narrowing them. this restricts blood flow and can cause serious health problems

Question 26

role of semilunar valves in veins

Answer 26

semilunar valves in veins prevent backflow, ensuring blood flows towards the heart

Question 27

wt is a stent and wt purpose does it serve in treating atheroscleris

Answer 27

a stent is a small tube inserted into coronary arteries to hold them open. it helps trear atherosclerosis by imporving blood flow

Question 28

4 common side effects associated with antihypertensive medications

Answer 28

cough ankle swelling impotence tiredness

Question 29

wt role do leukocytes (white blood cells) play in the body

Answer 29

they defend the vody against infection and r important in the body's inflammatory response

Question 30

wt is the strucutre and funciton of cappileris in the circulatory system

Answer 30

they r tiny blood vessels with thin walls. they allow quick diffusion of subsances between blood and cells, facilitating oxygen and waste exchange

Question 31

strucutre and funciton of ertyhthrocytes (red blood cells)

Answer 31

RBCs r biconcave discs without a nuclues, filled with haemoglobin. they transport oxygen from lungs to cells and carry some carbon dioxide back. their shape maximizes surface area for gas exchnage

Question 32

wt is the bohr effect, and how does it influence oxygen release from hemoglobin

Answer 32

the bohr effect is when high CO2 levels reduce hemoglobin's affinity for O2, releasing O1 more easily in active tissues. low CO2 in the lungs helps O2 bind

Question 33

wt r the 3 main componenets of a mass trnasport system

Answer 33

a fluid for transport a pump to move the fluid vessels to carry the fluid

Question 34

how does genetic diff affect cohlesterol metabolsim and CVD risk

Answer 34

genes affect fat metabolism, LDL/HDL balance and cholesterol levels

Question 35

wt r the 3 adaptation that allow caridiac muslce to fucntion effectively without faituge

Answer 35

caridac muslce has; steady blood supply myoglobin (sotres extra oxygen) contracts regularly

Question 36

how does thrombosis contribute to CVD

Answer 36

thrombosis can block blood vessels, specially if they're already narrowed by plaques from atherosclerosis

Question 37

5 health issues commonly associated with atherosclerosis

Answer 37

heart attack stroke angina aneurysm high blood pressure

Question 38

how can understanding perceived vs actual risk influence a patient's adherence to medication

Answer 38

understanding the diff helps to create communication. adress perceived risks to imporve adherence

Question 39

wt r non-communicable conditions and how do they differ from infectious diseases

Answer 39

non-communicable condition arent cuased by pathogens and cant spread. infectious diseases r cuased by pathogens and r trnasmissible

Question 40

wt is the diff between promthrombin and fibrinogen in the context of blood clotting

Answer 40

prothrombin - inactive precusor to thrombin fibrinogen- inactive precursor to fibrin. thrombin turns fibroogen into fibrin, fibrin creates the clot

Question 41

how does the thickness of the left venticle's wall compare to that of the right ventricle, and why is this diff important

Answer 41

the left ventricle's wall is thicker. it needs more force to pump blood to the whole body, unlike the right ventricle with only pumps to the lungs

Question 42

4 factors that can lead to damage of the endothelial lining of artieries

Answer 42

high blood pressure substances in tobacco smoke genetic tendancies age

Question 43

wt distinguishes veins from artieries in terms of strucutre and function

Answer 43

arteries carry blood away from the heart, hve thicker walls, and higher pressure. veins reutrn blood to the heart, hve thinner walls, lower pressure and valves to prevent backflow

Question 44

significance of longittudinal studies

Answer 44

it helps to track the same ppl over time. this shows how lifestyle impacts health

Question 45

wt does smoking do in the development of atherosclerosis

Answer 45

smoking damages artery linigs, narrows arteries and raises blood pressure. this increases plaque buildup and the risk of CVD

Question 46

how do mass transport systems overcome the limits of diffusion

Answer 46

mass transport systems move substances in a fluid, overcoming diffusion limits in organisms with small surface area:volume ratio

Question 47

how does age influence the risk of developing CVD

Answer 47

as u age, blood vessels loose elasticity

Question 48

4 substances transported by blood plasma

Answer 48

digested food nutrients excretory products hormones

Question 49

how is oxygen transported in the blood, and wt role does hemoglobin play in this process

Answer 49

hemoglobin is rbc carries oxygen. oxygen binds to the hemoglobin in the lungs forming oxyhemoglobin

Question 50

how do veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart despite low pressure

Answer 50

veins return blood thru; muscle contractions squeezing veins one way valves prevent backflow

Question 51

why does fetal hemoglobin hve a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

Answer 51

fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity so it can effectively extract oxygen from the mother's blood in the placenta

Question 52

function of plateltes in the blood

Answer 52

they release subtstnces these substances narrow blood vessels clot blood to stop bleeding and prevent pathogens from entering

Question 53

wt r statins and how do they function in reducign cholestrol leves

Answer 53

statins lower cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the liver, reducing LDL productions, improving the LDL to HDL balance and reudcing artery inflammation

Question 54

wt r the phases in cardiac cycle

Answer 54

systole - heart contracts diastole - heart relaxes and fills with blood

Question 55

how do anticoagulants like warfarin work to prevent blood clots

Answer 55

warfarin prevents clots by interfeing with the proudction of prothrombin, which reduces the blood's abiloty to clot

Question 56

wt triggers the formation of a bood clot at a wound site

Answer 56

platelet contact with tissue components (like collagen) at a wound site triggers clot formations. damaged tissues and platelets release thromboplastin, initiating a clotting cascade

Question 57

3 ways the cardiovascualr system helps to maintain homeostasis in the body

Answer 57

it helps by; transporting o2 and nutrients removing waste stabilizing internal environment (temp, pH)

Question 58

wt role does muscle fibres play in the function of peripheral arteries

Answer 58

muscle fibres contract/relax to change the lumen size, controlling blood flow to organs and regualting their activity

Question 60

check cardiac cycle

Answer 60

check cardiac cycle