topic 1A: molecules Flashcards
wt happens during hydrolysis reactions invloving carbs
water breaks down complex carbs into simpler sugars
basic strucutre of amino acid
1 amino grp
1 carboxyl gro
a side chain
central carbon atom
wt r polar molecules and wt causes their polarity
polar molecules hve uneven electron distribution, creating partial charges. polarity is caused from diff in electrongeativity between atoms in a bond
3 reasons why glycogen is considered an ideal source of glucose for animals
quick glucose release
easily stored
doesnt react when stored
how does fiborus proteins differ from globular proteins in terms of strucutre and funciton
fibrious - long, strucutals
globular - compact, functional
wt type of bond is formed during the synthesis of trygiclerides
ester
4 ways phosphate ions contirbute to cellular processes
help form DNA and RNA
store energy in ATP
help with cell signlas
build cell membranes and bones
wt r conjugated proteins and how do they differ from regular proteins
conjugated proteins r proteins that contain non-amino acid parts called prostehtic grps.
regular proteins consists of amino acids only
how do the protperties of lipids contaiting saturated fatty acids compare with unsaturated fatty acids
saturated fats r solid at room temp
unsaturated fats r liquid
saturated fats pack tightly
unsaturated fats dont, dont to kinks
how do calcium ions function in both animals and plants
animals - muslce contraction, nerve signlas
plants - cell wal strucutre, signalimng
4 importance of hydrogen ions in biological systems
pH balance
enzyme funciton
energy transfer
muscle function
wt r the 2 types of bonds found in amylopectin
a-1,4,-glycosidic bonds
1-1,6-glycosidic bonds
wt happens when strach is cooked and why is this significant
when cooked, starch geletanizes, absorbing water and swelling. this makes food easier to digesr
3 importance of hydrogen bonds in protein structure
forming alpha-helices and beta-sheets
influencing folding
maintaining 3D shape
how do disulfide bonds contribute to protein stability
dilsifide bonds r covalent bonds between sulfur atoms that strabilizes a protein’s structure by cross-linking amino acid chains
3 functions of nitrate ions in plants
make proteins
make nucleic aci
make chlorphyl
wt is the significance of the arrangemrnt of atoms in glucose for its metabollic functions
the arrangemtn of atoms in glucose allows it to efficinetly store and release energy during metabollic process like glycolysis and cellular respiration
4 ways how hydrogen bonds affect the physical properties of water
H bonds give water;
high surface tension
high bp
cohesion and adhesion
ice less than liquid
function of hemoglobin in the body
hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and helps trnasport carbon dioxide back to teh lungs
how does the desnity of ice comapred to liquid water benifit aquatic life during winter
ice is less dense than water, so it floats. this insulated the water below, preventing it from freezing solid and allowing aquatic life to survive
how does the strcuture of water contirbute to its properties as a solvent
water polarity helps it dissolves other polar subtances
how do polysaccharides serve as energy storage molecules in cells
polysaccharides store energy by forming large chains of glucose molecules. cells break these chains to release glucose for energy
signifcance of a proteins primarry structure
a proteins primary strucutre is the sequnce of amino acids, which dictates its unique folding and function
how are peptide bonds formed between amino acids
peptide bonds form thru dehydrations. a water molecule is removed, linking the carboxyl grp of one amino acid to the amino grp of another
