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topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why is water a good transport medium

A

cuz the diploe nature of water enables many substances to dissolve in it

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2
Q

why does water hve high shc

A

cuz the hydrogen bonds between the molecules need alot of energy to seperate the

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3
Q

5 characteristics of water

A

it has high SHC
it is cohesive
it is adhesive
it cant be comporessed
it is a good transport medium

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4
Q

wt r the two molecules starch is made of

A

amylose and amylopectine

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5
Q

describe amylose

A

unbrachned polymer of between 200 to 5000 glucose units. it has only 1,4 glycosidic bond

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6
Q

describe amylopectine

A

a branched polymer of glucose units. has both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

wt makes glucose a rapid energy release source

A

has manyn 1,6 glycosidic bonds, giing it many side branches which can make it breakd own rapidly and release energy

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8
Q

how r disulfyde bonds formed

A

when two cysteine molecules r close together in a polypeptide, an oxidation happens betweent eh 2 grps resulting in dilsufide bond

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9
Q

describe the primary strucutre of protein

A

its the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chains

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10
Q

describe the secondary strcuture of protein

A

its the arrangment of the polypeptide chain into regular 3D stucture held togehter by hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

describe the tertiary strucutre of protein

A

the amino acid chain including a-helicases and
b-plated sheets, is folded further into complicated shapes

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12
Q

ex of tertiary structures in proteins

A

glbular proteins

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13
Q

wt r firbous proteins

A

long, parallel polypeptide chains with cross linkages that form them into fibres. they r insoluble in water and is tough

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14
Q

4 ex where fibrous proteins can be found

A

connective tissue in tendons, matrix of bones, keratin, spider silk

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15
Q

wt is the most common fibrous protein and describe it

A

collagen
gives stregnths to tendons, ligaments, bones and skin. is very strong cuz it has 3 long polypeptide chains

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16
Q

describe globular proteins

A

has complex tertiary or quaternary strucutre that fold into globbular shapes.

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17
Q

describe and explain 2 properties of globbular proteins

A

can form a colloid- it has carboxyl and amino grps that give them ionic properties, so they form a colloid, so they cant be easily seperated.

holds proteins in the cytoplasm-

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18
Q

wt is conjugated proteins

A

when some protein molecules r joined to another prosthetic group

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19
Q

how r lipoproteins formed

A

when porteins r conjugated with lipids

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20
Q

wt r glycoproteins

A

proteins with a carbohydrate proesthetic grp

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21
Q

define mass transport system

A

an arrangmenet of structures by which substances r trasported in the flow of a fluid

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22
Q

4 features of a mass trnapsort system

A

exchange surfaces to get materials in and out of transport system
system of vessels that carry substances
way of moving materials fast enough (ex- conc gradient)
transport medium (ex-fluid)

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23
Q

give the adaptations of erythrocytes and explain

A

has biconcave disc- large sa:volume ratio, so oxygen can diffuse into and out fast

has no nuclues-more space to carry oxygen

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24
Q

function of leucocytes (WBC)

A

important in the inflammatory response of the body when an area of tissue is damaged

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25
give the balanced equation of the formatino of oxyhaeoglobin
Hb + 4O2 ⇌ Hb.4O2
26
wt happens to the affinity of the haemoglobin for oxygen when the proportion of CO2 in the tissues is hijgh
it is reduced
27
describe bohr effect
it describes how carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration affects hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
28
job of seretonin in blood clot process
causes the smooth muscle of the blood vessel to contract. this narrows the blood vessels, cutting of the bloof flow to the damaged area
29
describe the cascade of event for clotting
when the tissue is damaged, platelets r released. then thromboplastin catalyses the conversion into prothrombin, Ca is also used which catalyses into thrombin. thrombin acts onn fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin which forms a fibrin mesh and finally forming a clot
30
wt r peripheral arteries
blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the outer (peripheral) parts of the body, including the arms, legs
31
how is the structure of the capileries adapted to its function
they hve thin walls and has no elastic fibre, smooth muscle or collagen. this helps them to fit between cells for fast diffusion. has thin one
32
adv of double ciruclation
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood doesnt mis, so body tissues get as mushc oxygen as possible, so high conc gradient the blood going thru the blood vessels in the lungs is at low pressure, so it dosnt damage
33
label a heart strcutre
..............
34
state the 3 phases in the caridac cycle, describe them and srate which valves are open and closed
atrial systole- atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles AV valves = open SL valves = closed ventricular systole- ventricles contract, pushign blood into artiers SL valves = open AV valves = closed Diastole- heart relaxes, blood refils atria and ventricles AV valves = open SL valves = closed
35
wt r cadiac muslce cels joined by
intercalated discs
36
wt does myoglobin in the caridac muscle do
stores oxygen for the respiration needed to keep the muscle contracting regularly
37
why is cardiac muscle considered myogenic
cuz it generates its own electrical stimulation needed to contract and doesnt hve a nervous supply to stimulate contraction
38
wt r the 3 layers the heart is made of, state in order
endocardium myocardium epicardium
39
the walla of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. explain
the left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body so it has to be pumped under a higher pressure. the right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs which is a short distance so its pumped out at a lower pressure high pressure can also damage the weak lung cappileries
40
wt is the functin of papillary muscles and tendinous chords in the heart
papilary muscles - controls the opening and closing of AV valves tendinous chords- prevents the inversion of the AV valves
41
explain the role of the heart valves in the cardiac cycle
AV valves r found between atria and ventricles during atrial systole, when pressure within atria increases, AV valves r opned and blood oves from the atria to ventricles the SL valves at the openign of the vena cava r closed preventing backflow during ventriculay systole, the SL valves at the opening of the pulmonary artery open when the pressure increases in the ventricles and blood moves from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and from lef tventrile into aorta. AV valves r closed during diatole, the SL valves at the opening of pulmonary artery and aorta close preventing backflow
42
wt is atheroscleoris
the hardening of the arteries due to the buildup of plawue inside the artery wall
43
where is plaque in atheroscleroiss most liekly to form
coronary arteries and cartoid arteries
44
describe the development of plaque within an artery
slight damage to the endothelial cells lining the artery leads to an inflammatory respone. WBC arrive at the site damage, they accumulate chems from the blood specially cholesterol this leads to atheroma calcium salts and fibrioous tissue also build up around the atheroma making it harder
45
4 effects of atherosclerosis on health
aneurysms raised blood pressure angina myocardial infarction
46
describe the formation of anerysm
An aneurysm forms when an artery wall weakens due to atherosclerosis, where atheroma build up, increasing blood pressure . Over time, the weakened section of the artery causes a bulge outward. If the aneurysm continues to expand, it may rupture, leading to severe internal bleeding, which can be life-threatening.
47
how does angina form
Angina forms when the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart) become narrowed due to atherosclerosis This reduces the blood flow to the heart, especially during physical activity when the heart needs more oxygen. The reduced oxygen supply causes chest pain
48
how does a stroke happen
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked This can happen due to a blood clot. Without oxygen and nutrients from the blood, the affected part of the brain begins to die
49
define risk
the probabiloity that an even will happen
50
how does smoking affect atherosclerosis
can damage artery linings, which makes the build up of plaques easier can cause the arteries to narrow, raising the blood pressure
51
wt is LDL
made from saturated fats, cholesteroal and protein. it is a lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to body cells.
52
wt happens when there r high level of LDL in the bloodsteam
can lead to the deposition of cholesterol in artery walls, contributing to atherosclerosis. This narrows the arteries and increases the risk of CVDs
53
wt is HDL
made from unsaturated fats, cholesteroal and protein.they carry cholesterol from body tissues to the liver to be broken down, lowering cholesterol levels.
54
wt r antioxidants
molecules tha tinhibit the oxidation of other molecuooels which can lead to chain reaction that can damage cells
55
wt is the test for vitamin C
done using DCPIP, the solution turns colourless when vitamin C is present
56
describe diuretics and side effects
increase urine production to remove excess fluid and reduce blood volume. side effects- dehydration,dizzines, low K+ levels
57
describe statins and side effects
block an enzymes in the liver that is responsible for LDL production and increase HDL. side effects-muscle pain, digestive porblems, liver damage
58
describe effect of warafarin and heparin. mention side effects
blood thinners that prevent clot formation by interfering with clotting proteins side effects-risk of excessive bleeding
59
describe the effet of aspirin and clopidgerel
reduce stickiness of platelets to prevent clots that cause heart attacks and stokes side effects-stomach irration, risk of internal bleeding
60

Biology (7 decks)

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