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Network+ > Topic 1A: Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers > Flashcards

Topic 1A: Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the OSI Model?

A

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

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2
Q

What does the OSI in the OSI reference model stand for?

A

Open Systems Interconnection

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3
Q

Define the OSI reference model.

A

Assigns network and hardware components and functions at seven discrete layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

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4
Q

Define a network.

A

Two or more computer systems linked by a transmission medium, sharing one or more protocols that enable them to exchange data.

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5
Q

How should one look at a network?

A

A network should be looked at in terms of nodes and links.

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6
Q

What are nodes?

A

Nodes are devices that send, receive, and forward data.

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7
Q

What are links?

A

Links are the communications pathways between nodes.

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8
Q

What organization developed the OSI reference model?

A

The ISO.

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9
Q

What does ISO stand for?

A

International Organization for Standardization

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10
Q

Why was the OSI reference model created?

A

To promote understanding of how components in a network system work.

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11
Q

If the OSI model is not a standard or a specification; then what is it?

A

A functional guideline for designing network protocols, software, and appliances and for troubleshooting networks.

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12
Q

Define a network protocol.

A

A network protocol is a set of rules for exchanging data in a structured format.

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13
Q

A network protocol has two principal functions; what are they?

A

Addressing and Encapsulation

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14
Q

Define addressing.

A

Unique identifier for a network node, such as a MAC address, IPv4 address, or IPv6 address.

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15
Q

Define encapsulation.

A

A method by which protocols build data packets by adding headers and trailers to existing data.

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16
Q

Define same layer interaction.

A

The protocol running at each layer communicates with its equivalent (or peer) layer on the other node.

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17
Q

Define adjacent layer interaction.

A

To transmit or receive a communication, on each node, each layer provides services for the layer above and uses the services of the layer below.

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18
Q

What OSI model layer does not add a header to the data?

A

Physical, layer 1

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19
Q

What does PDU stand for?

A

Protocol Data Unit

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20
Q

What does HTTP stand for?

A

HyperText Transfer Protocol

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21
Q

What does TCP stand for?

A

Transmission Control Protocol

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22
Q

What OSI model layer adds a TCP header to the data?

A

Transport, layer 4

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23
Q

What is layer 1 of the OSI model?

A

Physical

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24
Q

What is layer 2 of the OSI model?

A

Data Link

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25
Q

What is layer 3 of the OSI model?

A

Network

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26
Q

What is layer 4 of the OSI model?

A

Transport

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27
Q

What is layer 5 of the OSI model?

A

Session

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28
Q

What is layer 6 of the OSI model?

A

Presentation

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29
Q

What is layer 7 of the OSI model?

A

Application

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30
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Application?

A

Layer 7

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31
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Presentation?

A

Layer 6

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32
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Session?

A

Layer 5

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33
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Transportation?

A

Layer 4

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34
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Network?

A

Layer 3

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35
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Data Link?

A

Layer 2

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36
Q

What layer of the OSI model is Physical?

A

Layer 1

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37
Q

At what OSI model layer is the TCP segment wrapped in an IP header?

A

Network, layer 3

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38
Q

What are a network protocols two principal functions?

A

Addressing and encapsulation.

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39
Q

For two nodes to communicate what must they do?

A

They must be running the same protocol.

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40
Q

A TCP header is added to application data at what OSI model layer?

A

At the transport layer.

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41
Q

At what layer of the OSI model is a TCP segment wrapped in an IP header?

A

At the network layer.

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42
Q

Define the physical layer.

A

Lowest layer of the OSI model providing for the transmission and receipt of data bits from node to node. This includes the network medium and mechanical and electrical specifications for using the media.

43
Q

What is the Devices at the Physical Layer Mnemonic?

A

Pharmacists Tactfully Reject Herbal Migraine Medicine

44
Q

Cabled media can also be described as what?

A

Bounded media.

45
Q

Wireless media can also be described as what?

A

Unbounded media.

46
Q

The layout of nodes and links as established by what?

A

The transmission media.

47
Q

What is a segment?

A

An area of a larger network.

48
Q

At the Physical layer, what is a segment?

A

A segment is where all the nodes share access to the same media.

49
Q

The Physical layer specifies what?

A

Physical topology, physical interface, and signaling.

50
Q

Why is a network divided into segments?

A

To cope with the physical restrictions of the network media used, to improve performance, or to improve security.

51
Q

What is physical interface?

A

Mechanical specifications for the network medium, such as cable specifications, the medium connector and pin-out details (the number and functions of the various pins in a network connector), or radio transceiver specifications.

52
Q

What is signaling?

A

The process of transmitting and receiving encoded data over the network medium, including modulation schemes, timing, and synchronization.

53
Q

What is the Devices at the Physical Layer Mnemonic?

A

Tactfully Reject Herbal Migraine Medicines

54
Q

What devices operate at the physical layer?

A

Transceiver, repeater, hub, media converter, and modem.

55
Q

What is a transceiver?

A

The part of a network interface that sends and receives signals over the network media.

56
Q

What is a repeater?

A

A device that amplifies an electronic signal to extend the maximum allowable distance for a media type.

57
Q

What is a hub?

A

A multiport repeater, deployed as the central point of connection for nodes.

58
Q

What is a modem?

A

A device that performs some type of signal modulation and demodulation, such as sending digital data over an analog line.

58
Q

What is a media converter?

A

A device that converts one media signaling type to another.

59
Q

What is the Devices at the Data-link Mnemonic?

A

Never Buy Soggy Waffles

60
Q

What layer of the OSI model is the data link?

A

Layer 2.

61
Q

What does the data link layer do?

A

It is responsible for transferring data between nodes.

62
Q

What devices operate at the data link layer?

A

Network adapter or network interface card, bridge, switch, and wireless access point.

63
Q

Nodes that send and receive information are referred to as what?

A

End systems or as host nodes. This type of node includes computers, laptops, servers, Voice over IP (VoIP) phones, smartphones, and printers.
A node that provides only a forwarding function is referred to as an intermediate system or infrastructure node.

64
Q

A node that provides only a forwarding function is referred to as what?

A

An intermediate system or infrastructure node.

64
Q

What type of devices are end systems or host nodes?

A

Computers, laptops, servers, VoIP, smartphones, and printers.

65
Q

At the data link layer, what is a segment?

A

A segment is one where all nodes can send traffic to one another using hardware addresses, regardless of whether they share access to the same media.

66
Q

What do layer 2 segments mean for layer 1 segments.

A

A layer 2 segment, might contain multiple layer 1 segments.

67
Q

Relatively few networks are based on directly connecting hosts together, how do nodes usually connect?

A

A central node.

68
Q

What devices can be used as a central node?

A

Switch, and wireless access point.

69
Q

The addresses of interfaces within the same layer 2 segment are described as what?

A

Local addresses or hardware addresses.

70
Q

What does the data link layer organize the stream of bits arriving from the physical layer into?

A

Structured units called frames.

71
Q

Each frame contains what?

A

A network layer packet as its payload.

72
Q

The data link layer adds what to the payload?

A

It adds control information to the payload in the form of header fields.

73
Q

What do header fields include?

A

source and destination hardware addresses, plus a basic error check to test if the frame was received intact.

74
Q

What addressing does layer 2 use?

A

Physical addresses or MACs.

75
Q

What addressing does layer 3 use?

A

Logical addressing.

76
Q

What is a router?

A

An intermediate system working at the Network layer capable of forwarding packets around logical networks of different layer 1 and layer 2 types

77
Q

What are PDUs packaged at the network layer called?

A

Packets or datagrams.

78
Q

What are PDUs packaged at the data link layer called?

A

Frames.

79
Q

What devices operate at the network layer?

A

Routers, and basic firewalls.

80
Q

The first three layers of the OSI model are primarily concerned with what?

A

Moving frames and datagrams between nodes and networks.

81
Q

What is the transport layer also known as?

A

The end-to-end or host-to-host layer.

82
Q

At the transport layer, what happens with packets?

A

The contents of packets becomes significant.

83
Q

what does the transport layer do?

A

It is responsible for ensuring reliable data delivery.

84
Q

What is one of the transport layer’s functions?

A

It will identify each type of network application by assigning it a port number.

85
Q

At the transport layer, on the sending host, data from the upper layers is packaged as what?

A

Segments.

86
Q

Each segment is tagged with what?

A

The application’s port number.

87
Q

What happens to port numbers at the network and data link layers?

A

They are ignored as part of the payload.

88
Q

Can routers and switches see the port numbers?

A

No.

89
Q

The transport layer can also implement reliable data delivery mechanisms, should the application require it, what does this mean?

A

Reliable delivery means that any lost or damaged packets are re-sent.

90
Q

What devices work at the transport layer?

A

Multilayer switches-usually working as load balancers-and many types of security appliances, such as more advanced firewalls and intrusion detection systems.

91
Q

Most application protocols require the exchange of multiple messages between the client and server, what are these exchanges called?

A

Sessions.

92
Q

What is the session layer?

A

The layer that provides services for applications that need to exchange multiple messages (dialog control).

93
Q

What functions does the session layer represent?

A

The functions that administer the process of establishing a dialog, managing data transfer, and then ending (or tearing down) the session.

94
Q

What is the presentation layer?

A

The layer that transforms data between the formats used by the network and applications.

95
Q

What can the presentation layer do?

A

Character set conversion, supporting data compression, and encryption.

96
Q

What does the application layer do?

A

Providing support to applications requiring network services (file transfer, printing, email, databases, and so on).

97
Q

What does the application layer provide?

A

It provides an interface for software programs on network hosts that have established a communications channel through the lower-level protocols to exchange data.

98
Q

What are the upper-layers of the OSI model?

A

Layers 5, 6, and 7, session, presentation, and application.

99
Q

What do the upper-layers provide as services?

A

Web browsing, email, communications, directory lookup, remote printing, and database services.

100
Q

What are PDUs called in the upper-layers?

A

Segments, they are also called segments right down to the transport layer.

101
Q

What kind of devices are upper-layer devices?

A

Stateful and application layer security appliances, and multilayer switches.

102
Q

What is a private IP range?

A

192.168. 0.0 to 192.168. 255.255

Network+ (21 decks)

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