topic 16 Flashcards
shortened cakes
起酥蛋糕
characteristics of shortened cakes
High suger level, contains fat, leavening primarily from chemical agents
what is baker’s formula
Baker’s formula
% of ingredient = Ingredient weight/flour weight X 100
why pound cake is called pound cake?
bc the ingredient is One pound each of butter, sugar, flour, eggs, leavened with air and steam
ingredients and the crumb of the pound cake
1:1 (egg:fat) for a tender crumb
Too little liquid = dry crumb
Too much liquid = weak crumb structure and low volume
what kind of shortened cake is often used in commercial bakeries?
High-Ratio shortened cake
characteristics of high-ratio shortened cakes
High-ratio cakes containing emulsifiers allows for more water/liquid to be incorporated in the cake batter resulting in a more even dispersion of fat and air
what makes high-ratio shortened cake have more even dispersion of fat and air?
emulsifiers:Blend emulsified shortening with dry and then add liquid
what could increase structural stability of high-ratio shortened cake?
Chlorinated flour氯化面粉
examples for tougheners (structure) in shortened cakes
examples of tenderizers in shortened cakes
examples of moisteners in shortened cakes
examples of moisteners in shortened cakes
examples of driers in shortened cakes
Cake batter is oil in water emulsion or a water in oil emulsion?
oil in water
how to make a foam in a cake batter
incorporation of air
how could baking help in making the shortened cake
Baking converts it into a semi-solid substance due to starch gelatinization, protein coagulation, CO2 gas production and air incorporation
the function of flour in shortened cake
Contributes structure
Drier and toughener
Absorb water and increase batter viscosity
Starch and protein network traps air and gases
During baking starch gelatinizes around the air cells = firmness
Gluten proteins = cell wall structure
what factor determines crumb in the shortened cake?
Crumb depends on how many air cells are entrapped and expanded before rupturing
what happens if too little flour or too much flour is added in the shortened cake?
Too little flour = weak structure, coarse texture, may collapse
Too much flour = compact, dry, tunnels (can also be formed if over mixed, too hot, small pan)
difference in all-purpose flour and cake flour in shortened cake?
All-purpose flour has lower volume, coarser 粗糙的crumb
sugar could work as tougheners (structure), tenderizers, moisteners or driers
sugar could work as a tenderizer, it attracts and holds water, inhibiting gluten development
by what way could sugar contribute colour and flavour
by caramelization
sugar and the volume of shortened cakes
Air trapped during creaming
Increases starch gelatinization temperature and egg coagulation –more time to increase volume before batter sets
Reduction of cohesive forces (resistance to moving of cake batter during baking)
what would happen if too much sugar is added into shortened cake?
collapse, coarse texture, thick cell walls, gummy, rough crust
Hygroscopy
Hygroscopy aids in moisture retention prolonging freshness and shelf-life
how would eggs contribute to the shortened cake?
moisture, structure, leavening, emusifying, color, flavour, nutritive value
how could fat help with the shortened cake?
tenderizer, emusifying
how would fat help tenderize the
Coats protein and starch disrupting gluten formation
Cell walls more pliable allowing for gas expansion
Too much – air cells will explode decreasing cake volume
Air bubbles temporarily stabilized by egg proteins
Fat crystals adsorb onto air bubble surface creating a film around the
protein stabilized air cell
how would fat help emulsifying
Emulsified shortening
Hold large amounts of water
Curdling (fat in water emulsion) due to cold, too much liquid, too fast etc
how does emusifiers work in shortened cakes?
u Decrease surface tension of oil-water interface for stable batter emulsion
u Control fat to allow smaller and uniform air bubble size
u Fine and uniform distribution of fat in batter
u Promote air incorporation in batter
u Affect starch gelatinization
u Decrease cohesive forces
how would leavening agents work in shortened agents?
Leavening agents
Steam, air, CO2 from chemical leavening agents
Air cells are focal cells for steam and CO2
Too little – dense
Too much – collapse, undesirable flavour, coarse texture, gummy crumb
how would chocolate in the shortened cake
Drier, contains starch
Flour should be reduced if not then dry cake and cracked top
Alkaline produces a red colour
what are the flavourings in shortened cakes?
u Natural and artificial
u Salt
u Extracts (alcohol based)
u Vanilla and almond are common
u Emulsions produce stronger flavours
u Alcoholic beverages (rum, brandy, liquor)
why we need mixing when making shortened cakes?
u Distribute salt and leavening agent
u Distribute fat evenly through batter
u Aerate batter
u Moisten all ingredients and dissolve sugar without releasing too much CO2
or overmanipulating batter
method for mixing
- Conventional or Creaming
u Sugar gradually added to plastic fat until light and fluffy
u More creaming, more air incorporation
u Beat in eggs to create a water-in-oil emulsion
u Dry ingredients sifted together and added alternately with milk
2.Conventional Sponge Method
u Low fat or using oil which will not cream sufficiently
u Beat egg with sugar and folded into batter
how to make a muffin mix?
Eggs, milk, melted fat are added to sifted dry ingredients
Cake can be eaten warm
Used with lower fat mixtures
what is the order of heating during baking?
Batter on bottom and sides heat first and then top heats last
during baking, the top of the cake heats up first, true or false?
false
how is the crumb of the cake formed?
Air cells are elastic and do not readily rupture letting gases escape to give
fine crumb
why would cakes collapse?
Cake will collapse if oven door is opened and temperature drops as batter is not set
why the structure of the cake would be firm?
Starch gelatinization and egg proteins denature – Structure is ‘set’
where is the brown color of the cake?
Browning occurs from both caramelization and Maillard browning
when is the cell walls of the cake most fragile?
Cell walls are most fragile out of the oven
what should the interior tmeperature of the cake be？
Interior should be 140°F or 60°C before removing from pan, about 10 minutes
what are foam cakes?
Egg foam based
u Beating egg whites and adding sugar after flour
u Leavening is primarily from air
u Little to no fat, sugar is tenderizer (basic ingredients are egg whites, flour
and sugar)
u Springier and tougher than shortened cakes
u Can be shortened (chiffon) or unshortened (angel food and yellow sponge)
list few examples for unshortened foam cakes
angel food and yellow sponge
list few examples of shortened foam cakes
chiffon, sponge cake
cookies = small cakes
High sugar level, less liquid than cakes; no starch gelatinization, structure collapses, but Coarser texture and crumb compared with cake
in what way can we describe the cookies?
crispness, softness, chewiness, spread
Characteristics of cookies
Crispness: Rich in fat or sugar or both
Softness Contain invert sugar or high fructose like honey, corn syrup, brown sugar, removed from oven when brown but still moist
Spread: too much or too little
what would make the cookie spread too much?
cookie would be thin and brittle薄脆; high fat, more liquid, less protein, higher
altitude
what would make the cookies spread too little?
humped and dry; high protein flour and low liquid, high leavening
how is sugar is used for making cookies?
Sugar creamed with butter or shortening (leavening)
Fine sugar dissolves rapidly or slowly?
RAPIDLY
how would coarser sugar help with cookies?
Coarser sugar gives more tender cookies with greater spread
why could white sugar make the cookie more crisp?>
crystallization
how could the cookie stay soft?
Cookies are soft when sugars stay dissolved or supersaturated
Surface cracking occurs with glucose or
fructose true or false?
flase, Surface cracking occurs with sugar (sucrose) but not with glucose or
fructose
what is the fat in cookies?
butter or shortening,10-30% fat in formula
how would fat in cookiees help?
Creaming with sugar helps leavening
Shorten gluten strands
what is the ratio for different fat in cookies?
2:1 (unsaturated fat to saturated fat) à tender, chewy cookie center
how would shourenting help?
Shortening helps with consistent dough and shelf-life and texture, commercially used
how to make cookies healthier?
Substitute fat with fruit purees, pureed white bean
function of eggs in cookies
Structure
Liquid
Too high – dry or cake-like
function of liquid in cookies
Mostly egg
Very little
Milk/dairy can be added which helps with color, texture, taste, shelf-life
function of leavening agents in cookies
Affect cookie grain and texture
Leaner doughs require more to avoid dense grain and brittle texture
Delayed release of soda results in cracking or checking
what causes the spread of the cookie?
- Fat in dough melts, sugar dissolves, batter fluidity causes spread
- leavening increases spread in all directions
when would the spread of cookies stop?
spread stops when dough
becomes too viscous
why cookie would crack?
Cracking is due to moisture loss and sugar crystallizes on surface
why we want slightly undercooking when baking cookies?
Slightly undercooking allows carryover cooking to avoid overbaking(考虑余温)， Cooling cookies on racks before storing retains shape and texture
commercial cooking of cookies
u Tunnel ovens with conveyor belt stainless steel bands
u Deposited dough cookies - layer cake batter, ex. ladyfingers, macaroons
u Wire cut cookies - extruded and cut, rise and spread, ex. chocolate chip
cookies
u Rotary cut - stamped, ex. gingerbread man or animal crackers
u Rotary mold – embossed molds, ex.Oreo cookies
u Commercial bar cookies – extruded through die slits and cut with guillotine,
filled, ex. Fig Newton
moisture of crackers
15-25% moisture in dough, final baked product no more than 5%
examples of fremented dough for crackers
Soda/saltine cracker
examples of chemically leavened dough for crackers
Savoury and butter crackers
examples for sweet chemically leavened dough
Graham crackers
u Shortening – flakiness, dough lubrication, mouthfeel
u Oils – sprayed at end of baking for flavour, mouthfeel, and for particle adherence
u Dough rolled into strong thin sheets and laminated and then docked
u Baked at high temperature for short time
起酥油-片状，面团润滑，口感油-在烘烤结束时喷油，以改善风味，口感和颗粒粘附性。将其充分卷成坚固的薄片并层压，然后在高温下短时间烘烤
