Topic 1.3 Biological Molecules 2 Flashcards
Mucleotides
Key molecules and current energy in the cell in the form of adrenaline.
ATP
Chemical reaction in the cytoplasm, chemical bonds are constantly being broken, the energy is supplied for different reactions and they are found in all living organisms,
Adenoside Tripasphate
Is a nucleotide that acts are universal energy supply in cells and are made up of adrenaline. The pentrose sugars ribosomes and phosphate groups
Purine base
Nucleotide that has two nitrogen rings
Pyrimidie base
A base found in nucleotide has one hydrogen rings
Guanine
Is a purine found in DNA and RNA
Cytosine
Pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA
Thymine
A pyramide base in the DNA
Uracil
Pyrimidine base in the RNA
ATpase
Is an enzyme that catalyse the formation and breakdown of ATP
Adrenaline disphosphate (ADP)
Nucleotide formed when ATP loses a phosphate group and provides energy to drive reactions in the cell
Reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions
Which one reaction loses an electron and another one gains electrons
Nucleic acid for reproduction
If the special don’t reproduce the species will die out. And one of the 7 of the key prosess Ed
Nuclaic acid
Carries infomation to make the cells. Held together by phosphate bonds. Hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids
Phosphides bonds
Are bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the nucleotide in a condensation reaction
Genome
The entire genetic material of an organism
How does the DNA work?
Replicated it exactly by unzipping the hydrogen bonds fork between
Experimental evidence
Ecoi grows that takes the radio active isotope, many generations the entire DNA would be labelled as having heavy nitrogen, half of the DNA has 2 light strands and 2 heavy DNA strands
How does it copy itself?
Unzips along the hydrogen bonds, it’s replicated by the Enzyme DNA helicase and acts as a new DNA strands as a result of the new strands of DNA identical with the original piece
DNA ligase
Is an enzyme involved in DNA replication that unzips two strands of the DNA molecules
The genetic code
Based on genes, three base on the DNA or RNA knows as a cordon, difficult to work out as the molecules are so large 98% are non- coded, 2% are proteins
Non- overlapping code?
A single point of mutation would produce the same amino acid and have no effect on the organism
Translation
In the process by which protein are produced via the RNA using the genetic code found in the DNA . It takes place in the ribosome
Ribosome
Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Triple code
Is a code of three bases and it is based on genetic information in the DNA
Gene sequence
Of bases on the DNA molecule it contains coding for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that effects a characteristics in a phenotype of an organism
Complementary strands
Strands of RNA forming that compliment the DNA acting as coding strands
DNA and protein synthesis
Active synthesis enzymes on the ribosomes
RNA
Single helix structure it carried the main function of protein synthesis and carried instruction for polypeptide of the DNA in nucleus to the protein are made and spaced amino acid in the cytoplasm and carries them to the the surface of the ribosomes and it makes the ribosome themselves
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Not formed in the nucleus the enzyme is often known we RNA polymerase
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Found in the cytoplasm and has a complex shape it’s often described as a leaf shape as a result as the shape it hydrogen bonds between base each bonds carried specific amino acids. They make a long chain of amino acids
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
50% of the structure most common form of RMA. Found in cells and made in the nucleus. They create to form ribosome holding it together and enzyme controlling protein synthesis
Protein synthesis
The mRNA moves out of of the nucleus into the cytoplasm attached to the surface of the ribosome the bonds. tRMA breakes away and returns to the cytoplasm to put up more amino acids
Mass production
Ribosome joined by a thread of the mRNa Insted of one ribosome are producing polypeptide the process
Gene mutation
Permanent change can happen in the gamete and also in the body cells
Different types of mutations
The DNA has its own repair system. Point or gene, substitution, delectations, insertion, chromosomal mutation , whole-chromosome mutation
How gene mutation can effect the phenotype
Point mutation woll have no effect and the production of a new superior protein tbis gives the organism a reproductive advantage some mutations can me neutral but others can cause damage districting the whole organism
Sickle cell disease
Effects the chain that create hemiglobin in the red blood cells. It makes the hemlglobin cells stick together. Sickle cells can’t carry oxygen and blocks veins. Severe pain and can even cause death
Point mutation
Change in one or small nucleotide affecting a single gene.
Substitutation
A type of point mutation in which base in a gene is substituted for another
Deletion
Type of mutation in which a base is completely lost
Insertion
A type of mutation which an extra base is added into gene which is repete or a different base
Chromosomal mutation
Are changes in the position of entire genes within a chromosome
Whole/ chromosomes mutation
Is the loss or duplication of a whole chromosome
Mutation
Is anything in areas the rate of mutations
