Topic 1.2- The Structure and Functions of the Cardio-Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the three main functions of the cardio respiratory system?
What is transported?
What two reasons are these chemicals transported for?
What other thing does it transport away from cells?
What are the four main components of the blood?
What is the role of the platelets in the blood?
Transport
Clotting (in the blood)
Body temperature.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and amino acids (and nutrients).
Muscle cell respiration, repair and acidity of blood.
Lactic acid (a bi product of anaerobic respiration).
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
They clot the blood and form a scab.
What is vasoconstriction?
What is vasodialation?
What is the definition of homeostasis?
What is vascular shunting?
What is cardiovascular fitness?
What is adrenaline?
blood vessels (veins) shrink down; narrowing of the internal diameter (lumen) of the blood vessel to decrease blood flow.
When veins swell up or dilate; widening of the internal diameter (lumen) of the blood vessel to allow increased blood flow.
Keeping the body balanced.
Process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
The ability to exercise the entire body for long periods- which is an important part of Health Related Exercise (HRE).
A hormone that makes the heart beat faster and among other things, causes glycogen to be released by the liver, and for blood to be diverted away from organs to the muscles.
What is the heart?
What four parts does the heart have?
What are the two names of these?
What do these do?
What do valves do in the heart?
What is venous blood?
Why is the left ventricle thicker?
Why is the right ventricle thinner?
What is the septum?
A muscular pump.
It has four chambers.
2 atrium and 2 ventricles.
The atria’s collect blood at the top of the heart.
The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart at the bottom of the heart.
They prevent the back flow of blood (found between the atrium and the ventricles).
(De-oxygenated blood) returning back from the body in veins.
Because blood has to go all around the body.
Because blood only has to reach the lungs.
The central partition of the heart, divides it in two and stops the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.
What is the lumen?
What are the different parts of an artery?
What are the different parts of a vein?
What are the different parts of a capillary?
The space where the blood travel.
- Thick outer wall
- Small lumen
- Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres
- Higher pressure
- Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart (usually).
- Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres
- Large lumen
- Fairly thin outer wall
- Lower pressure
- Contains valves
- Carries de-oxygenated blood away from the heart (usually).
- One cell wall thick.
- Very small lumen.
- Where gaseous exchange takes place.
Why is there an increase in BP?
How does the heart ensure this?
What are capillaries?
What is blood pressure?
What is systole?
What is diastole?
What is the average blood pressure rate?
Which one of these is systolic?
Which one of these is diastolic?
Increase in the demand of oxygen by the muscles.
The heart beats with more force so more blood is pushed out.
Small blood vessels found all over the body.
A measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body.
The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill with blood.
80.
Top is systolic.
Bottom is diastolic.
What is blood pressure?
What four factors can affect blood pressure?
What is vascular shunting?
In what two processes is this achieved by?
What are red blood cells also known as?
What gives these cells their red colour?
What does this chemical do?
What is anaemia?
The pressure of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries.
Diet, smoking/alcohol, stress and fitness/activity levels.
The process that increases to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas.
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Erythrocytes.
Haemoglobin.
It attracts oxygen, picking it up in the lungs and delivering it to the tissues that need it.
A condition where there’s a lack of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood.
What is haemoglobin?
On average, how much blood contains how many red blood cells?
What do people have who are born at higher altitude?
What do people have who have anaemia?
What does this cause you to do?
What two factors can cause anaemia?
What two factors can improve iron amount in blood?
What are the four distinct components that make up the blood?
A red protein in the blood that attracts and picks up oxygen.
1 cubic millimetre contains 5 million red blood cells.
Higher cell count, due to there being less oxygen in the air.
A low red blood cell count.
Causes you to be breathless and lacking in energy.
Loss of blood and lack of iron.
Taking iron supplements or eating iron rich foods (for example spinach and liver).
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and the plasma.
What are white blood cells also called?
What they known as for the body?
What do they destroy which cause illness?
What do some white blood cells do to bacteria or viruses and what do others do?
What are these chemicals called?
Leukocytes or transparent cells.
The defence system of the body.
Pathogens.
Some engulf pathogens and digest them, whilst others destroy the pathogens with chemicals.
Antibodies.
Where are platelets formed in the body?
What are they concerned with the production of?
What is this chemical essential for?
What is the blood the first line of defence for?
What do platelets do and act as?
What do platelets send out if they can’t cope?
What is the name of this hormone?
What does this cause?
In the red bone marrow.
The production of thromborkinase.
The clotting of the blood.
The repairing of an open wound.
They clot blood and act as a plug.
They send out a signal which makes the blood start clotting by releasing a hormone.
Serotonin.
This hormone causes blood vessels to constrict and restricts the blood flow.
What is the blood plasma?
What is included in the blood plasma?
What does the blood plasma also contain?
What do these cells maintain?
What are the two functions of the blood plasma?
What is the average blood pressure reading?
It’s a pale, straw coloured liquid.
Sodium chloride (common salt), calcium, sugar (glucose) antibodies, urea and other waste products, like carbon dioxide.
Plasma proteins.
Maintain circulation between cells and tissues.
It liquefies blood and enables blood flow to occur around the body.
72 BPM (beats per minute).
Describe the percentages of the inspired air (oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen)?
Describe the percentages of the expired air (oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen)?
How many litres of air do we breathe in on average?
What is the function of the respiratory?
What is breathing in referred to as?
What is breathing out referred to as?
What do both of these movements enable?
What are the three parts of the respiratory system?
0.04% CO2, 21% O2 and 79% N.
4% CO2, 16% O2 and 79% N.
0.5 litres.
To help get oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide as well as other waste products out of the body.
Inhalation.
Exhalation.
Inhalation gets oxygen in and exhalation removes carbon dioxide so that it doesn’t poison the body.
Air passages, lungs and diaphragm.
What do the air passages create and how does it get in?
Where are the lungs positioned?
What protects them in a cage?
Why are the lungs constantly moving?
What protects the lungs from damage caused by friction?
What does this form around the lungs?
Describe the passage of air into the lungs?
Where does air then enter?
Describe the features and functions of these?
A pathway for the air to get into the lungs, either through the nose or the mouth.
Inside the chest cavity.
The ribs.
Due to the action of always having to breathe.
The pleural membrane.
A complete membrane.
From the nose or mouth air then enters the trachea. It then enters two branches called bronchi and then splits again into bronchioles.
The alveoli (tiny air sacs).
These have many blood vessels (capillaries) running through them. This is where gaseous exchange takes place.
How is energy produced for the body?
Describe the percentages of exercise for aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on intensity?
What is an indication of oxygen debt?
What is oxygen debt?
What is the lactic acid converted to after oxygen debt?
What are the muscles called between the ribs?
What are tidal volume and vital capacity a measure of?
What is tidal volume?
What is vital capacity?
What is the average vital capacity?
What happens when exercise increases?
It converts fuel into energy and releases it into the body for aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
60-80%= aerobic 80%+= anaerobic.
Shallow gasping breathes due to using their anaerobic energy system.
A state in which the body needs more oxygen than it can supply (usually to break down the lactic acid).
Carbon dioxide and water.
The intercostal muscles.
The respiratory systems efficiency.
The amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breathe at rest or during exercise.
The greatest amount of air that can be brought into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inhalation and exhalation.
Between 4-5 litres.
Tidal volume increases.
How does oxygen get from the alveoli to the capillaries?
What does oxygen do in the blood?
What does this form?
How many cells does the oxygen have to travel through?
What will happen to the respiratory system if regular exercise is undertaken?
What is VO2 max?
It diffuses (high concentration to low concentration?
It binds to haemoglobin.
Oxyhaemoglobin.
2 cells.
It will improve the efficiency of the lungs and allow better delivery of oxygen to working muscles.
The volume of oxygen an athlete can consume while exercising at maximum capacity.
