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IB 131 midterm 2 > Topic 12: Special senses > Flashcards

Topic 12: Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

Special sensory receptors

A

Taste, smell, sight, audition, balance

Localized, confined to head region
Receptors not free endings of sensory neurons
Special receptor cells: neuron like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons

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2
Q

Taste

A

Chemoreceptors

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3
Q

Papillae on superior surface of tongue

Filiform papillae

A

Most numerous
Conical
Parallel rows grasp and manipulate food
DO NOT HAVE TASTE BUDS

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4
Q

Papillae on superior surface of tongue

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped, 2/3 of tongue surface

TASTE BUDS

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5
Q

Papillae on superior surface of tongue

Vallate pappilae

A

V shaped row bordering posterior 3rd of tongue

TASTE BUDS

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6
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

Marks border between mouth and pharynx

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7
Q

Taste buds

A

Taste receptors
Major cell types: gustatory epithelia & basal epithelia

Long microvilli (GUSTATORY HAIRS) project form gustatory epithelia

replaces ~week

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8
Q

Taste types

A 
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami- pleasant savory taste

Taste map is a LIE, all taste modalities elicited from all areas of tongue containing taste buds

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9
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

Bitter taste receptors have been found in stomach

Gustatory sensory neurons synapse in solitary nucleus of medulla -> thalamus -> gustatory area of cerebral cortex in insula

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10
Q

Olfaction

A

Chemoreceptors
Chemicals dissolve in fluids of nasal mucosa

Olfactory epithelia is pseudostratified columnar

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11
Q

How smell works

A

Apical dendrite projects to epithelial surface and ends in know from which olfactory cilia radiate -> receptive structure

Axon filaments of olfactory nerve -> cribiform plate of ethmoid bone -> attach to olfactory bulbs and synapse with mitral cells -> limbic system/piriform lobe of cerebral cortex which includes hooklike uncus

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12
Q

Anosmia

A

Absence of smell due to injury, cold, Zn deficiency

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13
Q

Uncinate fits

A

Distortion of smells or olfactory hallucinations

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14
Q

Palpebrae

A

Eyelids, separated by palpebral fissure

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15
Q

Tarsal plates

A

Connective tissue within eyelids

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16
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Modified sebaceous glands

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17
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Transparent mucous membrane

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18
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Keeps surface of eye moist

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19
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Produces lacrimal fluid

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20
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

Fluid empties into nasal cavity

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21
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

6 muscles control eye movement

Originate in walls of orbit

Annular ring- origin of four rectus muscles

Lateral rectus, lateral
Medial rectus, medial
Superior rectus, elevate, medial
Inferior rectus, depress, medial
Inferior oblique, elevate lateral
Superior oblique, depress, lateral
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22
Q

Posterior segment of eye

A

Vitreous humor, jelly like
Transmits light
Helps maintain intraocular pressure

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23
Q

Anterior segment of eye

A

Anterior chamber- between cornea and iris

Posterior chamber: between iris and lens

Both filled with aqueous humor

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24
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Formed from filtrate in ciliary process

Reabsorbed by venous blood by scleral venous sinus

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25
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure in anterior segment Aqueous humor drains more slowly than form Compression on retina and optic nerve -> blindness
26
Lens
Biconcave disc held in place by ciliary zonule Lens epithelia covers anterior surface Enlarges throughout life
27
Accommodation
Curvature of lens is adjustable allowing for focus on nearby objects
28
3 Layers of wall of eye
Fibrous layer Vascular layer Sensory layer
29
Fibrous layer
Most external layer of eye SCLERA- provides shape; allow for insertion of eye muscles CORNEA LIMBUS- junction between sclera and cornea Scleral venous sinus allows aqueous humor to drain
30
Cornea
Collagen rich Avascular, O2 from front, nutrients from aqueous humor from back Innervated by pain receptors
31
Vascular layer is middle coat of eyeball | Choroid
Vascuar Brown color from malnocytes prevent scattering of light rays within eye Corresponds to arachnoid and pia maters
32
Vascular layer is middle coat of eyeball | Ciliary body
Encircles lens Smooth muscles focuses lens Ciliary processes, posterior to ciliary body Ciliary zonule, halo of fine fibrils attached around entire circumference of lens, aka suspensory ligament
33
Vascular layer is middle coat of eyeball | Iris
Colored part of eye Anteriorly attached to ciliary body Composed of smooth muscle ``` PUPIL, round central opening Sphinctor pupillae (circular) Dilator pupillae (radially arranged) Pupillary light reflex- pupil constriction during light flash ```
34
Inner layer of eye | Retina
Ora serrata retine- neural layer ends at posterior margin of ciliary body Macula lutea- contains cones Fovea centralis- contains region of highest visual acuity Optic disc- blind spot Pigmented layer Neural layer- contains 3 types of neurons
35
Neural receptors | Photoreceptors
Rod cells- sensitive to light, can see in dim Cone- works best in bright light, color Have inner and outer segment: Outer are receptor regions that contain light absorbing regions Light particles modify visual pigment and generate nerve impulse Signal bipolar cells -> ganglion to generate nerve impulses
36
Visual pathway to cerebral cortex
Axons of eye exite via optic nerve Medial side of retina -> optic chiasma -> optic tract contralaterally Lateral side of retina -> optic tract ipsilaterlly Optic tracts -> lateral genticulate nucleus of thalamus and synapse with thalamaic neurons Fibers of optic radiation reach the visual cortex
37
Other visual pathways
Some axons -> superior colliculi -> control extrinsic eye muscles Some axons -> pretectal nuclei -> mediate pupillary eye reflexes Some axons -> suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus -> process visual into with circadian rhythm
38
Blood supply of retina
2 sources- capillaries in choroid, central artery
39
Cataracts
Lens becomes -> blindness | 50+ age
40
Age-related macular degeneration
Build-up of deposits in retina which cause loss of vision in macula (center of visual field) 50+ age
41
Trachoma
Contagious infection from Chlamidya trachomatis -> eyelids become distorted and inverted which results in eyelashes scraping against cornea which can lead to blindness due to corneal scarring
42
Outer ear
AURICLE directs sound EXTERNAL ACOUSITC MEATUS, external ear canal TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, forms boundary between external and middle ear
43
Otitis externa
Infection and inflammation of skin lining external acoustic meatus Swimmer's ear
44
Otitis media
Infection of tympanic membrane
45
Middle ear
TYMPANIC CAVITY, air-filled space within petrous portion of temporal bone Medial wall penetrated by OVAL and ROUND WINDOW PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE (auditory or eutachian tube) links middle ear to pharynx
46
Middle ear
EAR OSSICLES, smalles bones in body: Malleus, attaches to eardrum Incus, between malleus and stapes Stapes, vibrates against oval window
47
Internal ear
aka labyrinth | In petrous region of temporal
48
Membranous labyrinth in internal ear
``` Fit within bony labyrinth 3 parts: semicircular ducts in semicircular canals Utricle and saccule in vestibule Cochlear duct in cochlea ``` Filled with endolymph
49
Body labyrinth
Made of: semicircular canals vestibule cochlea Filled with perilymph which is continuous with CSF fluid
50
Cochlea structure
Spiraling chamber in bony labyrinth Attached at vestibule, it coils around a pillar of bone, MODIOLUS Osseous spiral lamina- spiral bone in modiolus Cochlear nerve runs through core of modiolus Cochlear duct lies between two chambers: scala vestibule & scala tympani Scala vestibule is connected with oval window Helicotrema is region of apex of cochlea where scala vestibule and scala tympani are continuous
51
Cochlea membranes
Vestibular membrane, roof | Basilar membrane, floor, supports SPIRAL ORGAN OF CORTI receptor epithelium for hearing
52
Cochlea | Spiral organ of Corti
Receptor epithelium for hearing Inner hair cells, receptors transmit vibrations of basilar membrane Outer hair cells actively tune cochlea and amplify signal Tips of the hairs, stereocilia imbedded in tectorial membrane Base, hair cells synapse with sensory fibers of cochlear nerve
53
Sound transmission
sound->tympanic membrane->ossicles->stapes oscillate against oval window->pressure waves in perilymph of scala vestibule->endolymph of cochlear duct->basilar membrane vibration->hair cells in spiral organ to release neurotransmitters which excite cochlear nerve fibers ->spiral ganglion of cochlear nerve->cochlear nuclei of medulla->superior olivary nucleus of medulla-pons junction->inferior colliculus of midbrain-> medial genticulate nucleus of thalamus->primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe
54
Sensorineural deafness
Damage to: inner ear vestibulocochlear nerve Processing centers of brain
55
Conduction deafness
``` Cerumen in outer ear canal Ruptured tympanic membrane Otitis media Fluid in middle ear Otosclerosis of middle ear ossicle bones ```
56
Vestibule
Central part of bony labyrinth, medial to middle ear UTRICLE and SACCULE, 2 egg-shaped parts of membranous labyrinth. Both contain MACULA, spot of sensory epithelium Utricle continuous with semicircular ducts Saccule continuous with cochlear duct
57
Vestibule macula
Contains receptor cells (hair cells) Monitor position of head when in static equilibrium or linear acceleration (moving straight ahead) Base of hair cells synapse with vestibular nerve; apex has stereocilia and kinocilium that are embedded in otolithic membrane which is a jelly like disk that contains crystals of calcium carbonate called otoliths
58
Semicircular canals
Semicircular ducts snake through each semicircular canal Membranous ampulla houses crista ampullaris Detect rotational acceleration Receptor cells project into tall jellylike mass called a cupola that resembles hat
59
Equilibrium pathway
->receptors in vedtibule and semicircular canals of inner ear->vestibular nuclei in medulla-> flocculonodular lobe in cerebellum
60
Motion sickness
Mismatch of sensory inputs
61
Maniere's syndrome
Equilibrium is greatly disturbed due to excess amounts of endolymph in membranous labyrinth

IB 131 midterm 2 (6 decks)

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