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ib 131 midterm 2 > Topic 11: Cerebrum > Flashcards

Topic 11: Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

Most rostral part of brain
2 hemispheres which cover the diencephalon and rostral brainstem
83% of brain mass

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2
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves which separate major regions of brain

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3
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

Separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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5
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves in surface of cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges if brain tissue between sulci

Deeper sulci divide cerebrum into 5 major lobes named for the skull bones overlying them

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7
Q

Deep sulci

A

Central sulcus divide frontal and parietal lobes, bordered by precentral gyrus anteriorly and postcentral gyrus posteriorly
Lateral sulcus divide temporal and frontal/parietal lobe
Parietal-occipital sulcus

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8
Q

5 major lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula (deep within lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor)
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9
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

Commissures, association fibers, projection fibers

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10
Q

Deep cerebral gray matter

A

Basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, claustrum

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11
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Contains billions of neurons arranged in 6 layers
Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and very short unmyelinated axons, but no fiber tracts
Most sensory information is routed through the thalamus to cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex is home to conscious mind

A

Be aware of ourselves and sensations
Initiate and control voluntary movements
Communicate, remember, understand

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13
Q

Functional areas in cerebral cortex

Primary sensory cortex

A

Primary sensory information resulting in awareness of the sensation

Includes primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, vestibular (equilibrium) cortex, gustatory cortex, olfactory cortex, visceral sensory area

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14
Q

Functional areas in cerebral cortex

Sensory association areas

A

Receive information from primary sensory cortex and interpret (give meaning to) sensory input

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15
Q

Functional areas in cerebral cortex

Multimodal association areas

A

Receive input in parallel from multiple sensory association areas and integrate and interpret the information aided by past experiences and develop a motor response

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16
Q

Functional areas in cerebral cortex

Motor cortex

A

Enacts plan

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17
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located along the postecentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses

General somatic senses are perceived from skin and from proprioception of muscles and tendons including touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature

SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION: ability to precisely locate a stimulus

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18
Q

Somatotopy

A

Each region of the cortex receives information from a specific area of the body

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19
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

A body map of the sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus

Lips and fingertips are very sensitive

Head in inferolateral part of postcentral gyrus and toes at superomedial end (just like primary motor cortex)

Contralateral from sensory receptor cortex

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20
Q

Sensory areas

Vestibular cortex

A

Processes info from vestibular apparatus

Responsible for conscious awareness of sense of balance (position of head in space)

Located in posterior part of insula lobe deep to lateral sulcus

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21
Q

Sensory cortex

Gustatory cortex

A

Function involved in conscious awareness of taste stimuli

Located in insula on roof of lateral sulcus

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22
Q

Sensory cortex

Olfactory cortex

A

Provide conscious awareness of smells

Lies on medial aspect of the cerebrum in a small region called the PIRIFORM LOBE which includes hook-like uncus

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23
Q

Sensory areas

Rhiencephalon

A

Olfactory cortex is part of brained called rhiencephalon

Includes parts of cerebrum that receives olfactory signals: PIRIFORM LOBE, OLFACTORY BULBS

Connects to limbic system which explains why smells trigger emotions

Involved with consciously identifying and recalling specific smells

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24
Q

Visceral sensory areas

A

Location: deep within lateral sulcus on insula lobe

Receives general sensory input (pain, pressure, hunger) from abdominal and thoracic organs

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25
Q

Sensory areas

Primary visual cortex

A

Deep within CALCARINE SULCUS on posterior and medial part of occipital lobe

Damage here can cause blindness

Larges of all sensory areas

Receives visual information that originates from retina

Exhibits CONTRALATERAL function

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26
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Sound waves excite receptors in inner ear cochlea triggering impulse transmission to primary auditory cortex where conscious awareness of sound (loudness, rhythm, and pitch) is detected

Located on superior edge temporal lobe

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27
Q

Cerebral cortex

Sensory association areas

A

Somatosensory association cortex, visual association areas, auditory association areas

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

Integrates different sensory inputs to understand sensations

Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences

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28
Q

Visual association area

A

Surrounds primary visual area and covers much of occipital lobe

Continues processing of visual information by analyzing color, form, and movement

Processing extends into temporal and parietal lobes

Visual information proceeds anteriorly through these visual areas in two streams (ventral and dorsal streams)

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29
Q

Dorsal stream of visual association

A

“where pathway”
Extends through the posterior parietal cortex to the post-central gyrus

Perceives info about spatial relationships among objects

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30
Q

Ventral stream of visual association

A

“what pathway”
Passes information into inferior part of temporal lobe

Responsible for recognizing objects, words, faces

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31
Q

Auditory association area

A

Lies just posterior and lateral to the primary auditory cortex

Permits evaluation of different sounds such as a screech, thunder, or music and integrates memories of past sounds

Auditory stimuli are processed serially and in parallel along two pathways from the auditory association area to multimodal association areas

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32
Q

Posterolateral pathway of auditory association

A

“where pathway”

Through the parietal lobe to the lateral prefrontal cortex evaluates location of a stimulus

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33
Q

Anterolateral pathway of auditory association

A

“what pathway”

From anterior temporal lobe to inferior pre-frontal cortex processes information relation to sound identification

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34
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

One hemisphere, usually left
Auditory association area overlaps here

Includes superior-posterior temporal lobe and inferior-posterior parietal lobe

Involved in recognizing and understanding spoken words

Damage interferes with the ability to comprehend speech

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35
Q

Multimodal association areas

A

Posterior association area
Anterior association area
Limbic association

Large areas of the cerebral cortex that receive sensory input from multiple sensory modalities sensory association areas

Associates new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences and plan appropriate motor responses

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36
Q

Multimodal association areas

Posterior association area

A

Located at interface of visual, auditory and somatosensory association areas

Integrates theses three in addition to proprioceptive senses and vestibular apparatus into unified perception of the sensory response that allows awareness of spatial location of body

Info guides movement of limbs through space and information is communicated to the anterior association area which dictates these motor movements

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37
Q

Multimodal association areas
Posterior association area
Left cerebral cortex

A

Related to language comprehension and speech

Multiple language areas typically in left cerebral cortex surrounding lateral sulcus involved with
-Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)
-Lateral and inferior temporal lobe:
Coordination of auditory and visual aspects of language (naming viewed objects, reading words)
-Parts of insula deep to lateral sulcus: initiation of word articulation and recognition of sound sequences

38
Q

Multimodal association areas
Posterior association area
Right cerebral cortex

A

Areas in right cerebral hemisphere that correspond to the left hemisphere language areas act in

  • creative interpretation of words
  • controlling emotional overtones of speech
39
Q

Multimodal association areas

Anterior association area

A

Found in prefrontal cortex

Integrates information from all other association areas (sensory information from posterior association area) to plan and initiate motor responses

Working memory for spatial tasks, object-recall tasks, solving complex multi-task problems, executive area for task management

Three working memory areas: visual working memory, auditory working memory, “executive area” that manages interaction between other two

Cognitive functioning, thinking, perceiving, intentionally remembering and recalling information, abstract ideas, reasoning and judgment, long-term planning, complex problem solving, impulse control, mental flexibility, social skills, appreciation of humor, empathy, conscience, linked to emotional (limbic system) thus related to mood

Last parts of the brain to mature
Not fully formed until early adulthood which explains why adolescents may exhibit poor judgement

40
Q

Multimodal association areas

Limbic association area

A

Medial side of frontal lobe

processes emotions in complex and social interaction and guides emotional response

Contribute to memory, emotions, and motor response

Integrate input from other cortical areas to form memory

Integrates sensory and motor behaviors with past experience

Uses past experience to influence future motor response

41
Q

Cerebral cortex

Motor areas

A

All localized in posterior frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex: controls voluntary motor movements

Premotor cortex: controls complex motor movements involving sensory feedback; planning for movements

Frontal eye field: controls voluntary movements of eyes

Broca’s area: controls speech production

42
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Anterior to primary motor cortex

Plans and coordinates complex movements and relays the plan to the primary motor cortex for implementation

Receive processed information from the sensory and multimodal regions of the cortex

Controls voluntary actions that depends on sensory feedback on spatial relations

Involved in planning movements

43
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Controls motor functions

Located along precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, just anterior to primary sensory cortex

Pyramidal cells are large neurons of primary motor cortex

The long axons of the pyramidal cells form the massive pyramidal tracts (corticospinal tracts) that descend through the brainstem and spinal cord

The axons in the pyramidal tracts synapse on motor neurons to generate precise voluntary motor movements

Projection of pyramidal axons is contralateral

44
Q

Motor areas

A

Somatotopy: specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body

Motor homunculus: body is represented spatially in the primary motor cortex; head in the inferolateral part of precentral gyrus and toes in superomedial end

45
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Anterior to premotor cortex

Controls voluntary moment of the eyes especially when moving eyes to follow a target

46
Q

Broca’s area

A

Lies anterior to the inferior part of premotor cortex in the LEFT, language dominant, cerebral hemisphere

Controls the motor movements necessary for speaking

Connected to language comprehension areas in posterior association area

A corresponding region in the right, intuitive emotional, cerebra hemisphere controls emotional overtones to spoken words

47
Q

Lateralization of cortical functioning

A

Two hemispheres control opposite sides of the body (contralateral)

Commissures allow for communication between the two hemispheres

Right hemisphere -> big picture
Left hemisphere -> details

For 5-10%, its the opposite

48
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Language abilities
Math
Logic

49
Q

Right hemisphere

A 
Visual-spatial skills
Reading facial expressions
Intuition
Emotion
Artistic
Musical skills
50
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

Fibers from cerebral cortex

Communicate with eachother
Communicate with brain stem and spinal cord

Usually unmyelinated and bundled into tracts

51
Q

Cerebral white matter

Commissural fibers

A

Horizontal fibers connect corresponding cerebral cortices in the two hemispheres

CORPUS CALLOSUM is the greatest commissure and is a broad band that lies superior to the lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal fissure

52
Q

Cerebral white matter

Association fibers

A

Connects different parts of the same hemisphere

Short association fibers connect widely separated cortical lobes

Long association fibers connect widely separated cortical lobes

Parts of Wernicke’s and Broca’s are connected by association fibers

53
Q

Cerebral white matter

Projection fibers

A

Connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal parts of the CNS

Sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and motor instructions leaves the cerebral cortex

54
Q

Cerebral white matter
Projection fibers
Internal capsule

A

Deep to cerebral white matter, projection fibers form a compact bundle called internal capsule which passes between the thalamus and some of the deep gray matter, the basal ganglia

55
Q

Cerebral white matter
Projection fibers
Corona radiata

A

Superior to internal capsule

Projection fibers run to and from the cerebral cortex and fan out to form the corona radiata

56
Q

Deep gray matter of cerebrum

Basal ganglia

A

Group of nuclei embedded deep within the cerebral white matter

CAUDATE NUCLEUS- arches superiorly over the thalamus and lies medial to internal capsule

GLOBUS PALLIDUS- lateral to internal capsule

PUTAMEN is lateral to internal capsule

STRIATUM- combination of caudate nucleus and the putamen

CORPUS STRIATUM- combination of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Receives input from many cortical areas
Complex neural calculators that cooperate with the cerebral cortex in control and regulation of a spectrum of different types of movement

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA in midbrain also influences basal ganglia

Start, stop and regulate intensity of voluntary movements

Select appropriate muscles for a task and inhibit others

In some way estimate the passage of time

57
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Disease of basal ganglia

Degenerative conditions of basal ganglia cause abnormal motor function

58
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Disease of basal ganglia
Degeneration of the corpus striatum pathway that inhibits motor activity results in an overstimulation of motor activities with uncontrolled jerking of libs and early death

Corpus striatum is the combination of basal ganglia caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

59
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Disease of midbrain substantia nigra in the midbrain that normally sends inhibitory input to the basal ganglia

Lack of inhibitory input from midbrain results in an overactive globus pallidus basal ganglia which inhibits the motor cortex causing slow and jerky movements, tremors, and eventual muscle rigidity and early death

60
Q

Basal forebrain nuclei

A

Deep gray matter of the cerebrum

Made up of the following:
Septum
Diagonal band of Broca
Horizontal band of Broca
Basal nucleus of Meynert

Part of basal forebrain CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM, neurons synthesize and release an abundance of acetylcholine

Anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus

Functions related to:
Arousal
Learning
Memory
Motor control
61
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Degeneration of brain areas involved with memory and thought (basal forebrain nuclei, hippocampus, and associated areas of the cerebral cortex) results in reduction of cholinergic activity (Alzheimer’s or dementia)

Damage spreads to other areas of cerebrum

62
Q

Functional brain systems

A

Networks of neurons that function together despite spanning large distances in the brain

Limbic system: spread widely in forebrain

Reticular formation: spans the brain stem

63
Q

Limbic system

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres, also within diencephalon

Broad ring

Overlaps with rhiencephalon

64
Q

Limbic structure important in emotions

Cingulate gyrus

A

Located superior to corpus calossum

Enable people to shift in between thoughts and express emotions through gestures

Interprets pain as unpleasant

Resolves mental conflict during frustrating tasks

65
Q

Limbic structure important in emotions

Amygdala

A

Subcortical gray matter that contains the key brain nuclei for processing fear and triggering appropriate sympathetic response

Enables people to recognize menacing facial expressions and to detect the precise direction of the gaze of someone looking at them

Forms memories of past experiences based on their emotional impact, especially if related to fear

Reminder of that fear causes one to re-experience the emotion

Serves a protective role as it reminds a person of a possible danger

66
Q

PTSD

A

Hyperactivity of amygdala and dysfunction in medial pre-frontal cortex (limbic association center) and the hippocampus resulting in PTSD

67
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Limbic structure important in consolidating and retrieving memories

Hippocampus+parahippocampal gyrus
Encode, consolidates, and later retrieves memories
Receives information to be remembered from cerebral cortex

Returns to cortex where it is stored long term

68
Q

Limbic system interaction

A

Output of limbic system is relayed through hippocampus and reticular formation which control visceral responses

Interacts with prefrontal cortex of cerebrum, feelings from emotional brain interact with thoughts from thinking brain

69
Q

Reticular formation

A

Runs through central core of medulla, pons and midbrain

Neurons have long branching axons that project to widely separated regions of the thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord and cerebrum’

Connections ideal for arousal of whole brain

Continuous stream of impulses to cerebrum maintain cortex in alert conscious state

70
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Maintians consciousness and alertness

Axons from all major ascending sensory tracts synapse on RAS neurons

Visual, auditory, and touch stimuli help keep people awake and alert

General anethesisa and sleep drugs depress the RAS and cause loss of consciousness

71
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Malfunction in RAS

72
Q

Coma

A

Severe damage to RAS

73
Q

Reticular activating system motor arm

A

Motor arm sends axons to spinal cord

Some axons control motor neurons to skeletal muscle

Some axons and lateral nuclear group nuclei in medulla influence autonomic neurons which regulate visceral motor functions

74
Q

Sensory and motor pathways in CNS

A

Connect brain and body periphery
Relay from one part of CNS to another

Most pathways pass from one side of CNS to the other (decussate)

75
Q

Ascending pathways

Spinocerebellar

A

FIRST ORDER NEURON
From sensory receptor to the dorsal gray horn of spinal cord, synapses with SECOND ORDER NEURON ascends up spinal cord in both dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts to cerebellum where it terminates

IPSILATERAL

Conveys information on proprioception from lower limbs and trunk to cerebellum to coordinate body movements

76
Q

Ascending pathways

Dorsal column

A

First order neuron
Sensory receptor to spinal cord where it ascends two different dorsal white column tracts (medial FASCICULUS GRACILIS and lateral FASCICULUS CUNEATUS to nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus brain nuclei in the medulla and synapses with second order neurons

Second order neuron: DESSUCATES IN MEDULLA and ascends up medial lemniscus tract and synapses in thalamus with third order neurons

Third order neurons ascends from thalamus to primary somatosensory coretex and postcentral gyrus -> processed -> awareness of precisely localized sensations

CONTRALATERAL

Transmits info on discriminative senses, senses that can be localized precisely on body surface; fine touch, pressure, conscious aspects of propiocpetion

77
Q

Ascending spinothalamic pathway

A

1st order neuron: sensory neuron which extends from sensory receptor to spinal cord -> synapse with gray horn ->

2nd order neuron -> DECUSSATE in spinal cord and enter lateral and ventral funiliculi -> synapse with thalamus with 3rd order neurons

3rd order ascends from thalamus into primary somatosensory cortex on postcentral gyrus where it is processed into conscious sensations which are typically perceived as unpleasant (pain, burn, heat, cold)

NON-DISCRIMINATIVE touch, cannot precisely localize

78
Q

Descending pathways

A

Decussate, therefore contralateral
Exhibit somatotopy: tracts arranged according to body region they supply

All pathways paired, one on each side of body

Brain -> spinal cord

79
Q

Descending pathways

Pyramidal (corticospinal) pathway

A

Pyramidal cells are large neurons found in primary motor area

Long axons of pyramidal cells form pyramidal tracts -> descend from primary cortex through internal capsule in brain

lateral tracts decussate in medulla!
Medial tracts decussate in spinal cord

Axons synapse with interneurons or directly to motor neurons

Control precise and skilled voluntary movements (writing)

80
Q

Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis

Degeeration of pyramidal tracts -> atrophy of skeletal muscles fatal

81
Q

Descending pathways

Other tracts directed by sub-cortical nuclei

A

Subconscious, coarse, or postural signals

82
Q

Descending pathways

Rubrospinal tract

A

From red nucleus in midbrain

Decussates in midbrain and descends to spinal gray matter -> interneurons or activate somatic motor neurons or -> somatic motor neurons

Produce body movements that are subconscious, coarse or postural

83
Q

Descending pathways

Tectospinal tract

A

From superior colliculus in midbrain

84
Q

Descending pathways

Reticulospinal tract

A

From reticular formation, median nuclear groups of pons and medulla

85
Q

Descending pathways

Vestibulospinal tract

A

From vestibular nuclei in medulla

86
Q

Integration of movement

A

Cerebellum smooths and coordinates movements dictated by pyramidal tracts and subcortical motor nuclei

87
Q

Sensory and motor pathways of head

A

To and from head are similar to those for trunk and limbs except TRACTS SERVICING HEAD, THE AXONS ARE LOCATED IN CRANIAL NERVES AND BRAINSTEM, NOT SPINAL CORD

88
Q

Spinal cord damage

Paralplegia

A

Injury to spinal cord is between T1 and L2 causing paralysis of lower limbs

89
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Injury to spinal cord in cervical region causing paralysis of all 4 limbs

90
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Stroke

Interruption of blood flow to brain tissue

Thrombotic stroke: caused by clot that blocks blood flow to brain tissue

Hemmorrhagic stroke: bleed in brain which impairs blood flow to brain tissue

ib 131 midterm 2 (6 decks)

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