topic 1.2 Flashcards
a condition involving tissue swelling/oedema that occurs shortly after the insult/injury
acute inflammation
an inflammatory response that does not subside
chronic inflammation
chemical substances released from cells into tissue that induce inflammation
chemical mediators
Latin term for redness
Rubor
Latin term for heat
Calor
Latin term for swelling
Tumor
Latin term for pain
Dolor
a chemical mediator released from mast cells
histamine
chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids
prostaglandins
first stage of acute inflammation
vascular phase
second stage of acute inflammation
cellular phase
fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue
exudate
increased blood vessel diameter and blood flow to injured tissue
vasodilation
is inflammation a specific response to cell injury?
no, inflammation is a non-specific response
what is the purpose of inflammation?
- to quickly neutralise injurious agents
- to stop further cell damage
- to remove damaged/dead tissue
- to initiate the healing process for new tissue
what does the suffix _itis indicate?
inflammation
what are the five signs of acute inflammation?
- redness
- swelling
- warmth
- pain
- loss of function
what are the systemic signs of inflammation?
- fever
- leukocytosis
- increased blood pressure
- increased heart rate
- increased respiratory rate
before the vascular phase, what occurs once there is injury/trauma?
- trauma causes necrosis on impacted cells which triggers the inflammatory response
- mast cells release histamine, macrophages, prostaglandin
- other cells release cytokines
what occurs during the vascular phase?
- blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow
- the increased blood flow causes redness and warmth
- blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma to move into surrounding tissue (exudate process) causing swelling and pain
- bradykinins and prostaglandin cause nerve to be ultra sensitive, causing pain
- combination of exudate and pain cause loss of function
what occurs in the cellular phase?
- white blood cells attracted to site of inflammation by chemical signals
- WBC such as neutrophils + macrophages remove foreign substance and promote tissue repair
- Tuber necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interlukin-1 go into bloodflow to signal bodily changes and activate fibroblasts which repair + rebuild wound by laying down collagen and sealing it off
- WBC release cytokine to further enhance inflammatory response
describe serous exudate
- watery consistency
- mostly water with small amounts of protein and white blood cells
- commonly in burns and allergic reactions
describe fibrinous exudate
- thick and sticky
- high cell and fibrin content
- may inhibit healing and cause scarring or layers adhering to each other
describe purulent exudate
- thick, yellow/green fluid (pus)
- conntains more leukocytes, cell debris and micro-organisms
- typically found in bacterial infections
describe haemorrhagic exudate
- contains large number of red blood cells
- indicates greater degree of tissue and local blood vessel damage
when does inflammation become ‘chronic’?
if the duration of the inflammation lasts more than 2 weeks
what infiltrates the injured site in chronic inflammation?
lymphocytes as well as monocytes/macrophages - making it the dominant cell type in chronic inflammation
does chronic inflammation always cause tissue damage and some form of scarring?
yes, there is always tissue damage and some form of scarring
what cells fix tissue damage once mononuclear cells cannot?
fibroblasts and angiogenesis (production of new red blood cells) lay down new tissue to try and repair the damage
