topic 1.1

Question 1

the study of how disease and illness alter body function

Answer 1

pathophysiology

Question 2

the study of the cause of a disease

Answer 2

aetiology

Question 3

the study of patterns of disease within populations

Answer 3

epidemiology

Question 4

reduction in cell size

Answer 4

atrophy

Question 5

reduction/inadequate blood flow to organ or tissue

Answer 5

ischaemia

Question 6

tissue death (necrosis) from complete deprivation of blood supply to tissue

Answer 6

infarction

Question 7

state of low oxygen

Answer 7

hypoxia

Question 8

insufficient oxygen in blood

Answer 8

hypoxaemia

Question 9

development of a disease

Answer 9

pathogenesis

Question 10

number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a period

Answer 10

incidence

Question 11

total number of cases of a disease at a particular time

Answer 11

prevalence

Question 12

increase in cell size

Answer 12

hypertrophy

Question 13

increase in cell number

Answer 13

hyperplasia

Question 14

transition from one cell type to another

Answer 14

metaplasia

Question 15

variation in size and shape of cells in tissue

Answer 15

dysplasia

Question 16

form of programmed cell death

Answer 16

apoptosis

Question 17

form of unprogrammed cell death in living tissue

Answer 17

necrosis

Question 18

what mnemonic is used for the stressors that cells can encounter?

Answer 18

HATING - the cell will be HATING these stressors as they can cause injury

Question 19

what does the HATING mnemonic stand for?

Answer 19

H - hypoxia and ischaemia
A - ageing
T - toxins or trauma
I - infections, viruses, bacteria, fungi
N - nutritional deficits
G - genetic

Question 20

what are the two types of irreversible injury that can occur to a cell?

Answer 20

apoptosis and necrosis

Question 21

name the different types of cell adaptations

Answer 21

1. increase or decrease in size
2. increase in cell number
3. change structure or type of cell

Question 22

what happens to a cell experiencing apoptosis?

Answer 22

1. the cell shrinks, membrane stays intact
2. cell breaks into small balls to be dissolved/eaten by macrophages
3. no inflammation occurs

Question 23

what happens to a cell during necrosis?

Answer 23

1. cell loses ability to control what goes in and out of cell
2. cell swells and cell membrane breaks, spilling contents onto tissue of area
3. this irritates tissue and causes inflammation to affected area

Question 24

is necrosis a pathogenic process?

Answer 24

yes, it is. This is because it causes cell membrane contents to spill into the body and causes inflammation