Topic 12 & 13: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What is a redox reaction?
Identify which reactance are oxidized and which are reduce in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Redox reaction are both oxidation and reduction reactions occurring together.
Oxidation Reaction: strips an electron from an atom in a compound
Reduction Reaction: the addition of an electron to another compound.
Reduced Forms will always have an H.
In cellular respiration glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced to form CO2 and water.
In photosynthesis water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to form oxygen and glucose.
Compare substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Substrate- level phosphorylation is when a phosphate is removed from an intermediate reactant. The free energy is used to add the 3rd phosphate to ADP to produce ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation The production of ATP using chemiosmosis. In chemiosmosis H+ ions are moved across the electrochemical gradient across the membrane.
What is the role of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration? What is reduced and oxidized form of both of these coenzymes?
Both NAD+ and FAD+ are electron carriers that are generated in Glycolysis and are high in energy and used to transport electrons to the Electron Transport Chain.
Reduced: NADH and FADH.
Oxidized: NAD+ and FAD+
Where do they take place? What are the inputs and outputs? What is oxidized and what is reduced?
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Oxidation Cycle
4. Electron Transport chain
1) Glycolysis: takes place in the cytoplasm and its the first step in the breakdown of glucose, The inputs are 2 ATP, 2NAD+, and a glucose molecule.
The outputs are 4 ATP, 2NADH, and two pyruvate molecules
NAD+ is reduced one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate two 3 carbon molecules pyruvate.
2) Pyruvate Oxidation: Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
The inputs are pyruvate, NAD+, and the Coenzyme A (CoA).
The outputs are Carbon dioxide, acetyl CoA, NADH.
Pyruvate is oxidized
NAD+ reduced to NADH
3) Oxidation Cycle (Citric Acid cycle): Also takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Inputs: Acetyl-CoA and CO2
Outputs: 3NADH 1FADH2 1ATP
Oxidized: Citrate is oxidized
Reduced: NAD+ to NADH
4) Electron Transport Chain: In the mitochondria matrix and inter membrane of the mitochondria.
Inputs: ADP NADH FADH2 O2
Outputs: ATP NAD+ FAD+ and H2O
Oxidized: NAD+ FAD+
Reduced:NADH FADH
Explain the ETC within the thylakoid membrane.
How does it generate energy to make ATP?
The electron transport chain moves protons across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen.
It generates energy to make ATP as protons travel in the ATP synthase causing to catalyze ADP to ATP
Describe ATP synthase and how it makes ATP.
ATP synthase is a tiny generator placed on the mitochondrial membrane or thylakoid membrane. The force of diffusion by hydrogen ions cause it to generate and facilitates the addition of a phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
What are the two types of fermentation? What is the purpose of fermentation? When in cellular respiration is the presence or absence of oxygen a deciding factor in which oath to take.
The purpose of fermentation is the process of using an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ and NADH.
Two types of Fermentation are: Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation: makes ATP in the absence of oxygen by converting glucose to lactic acid.
Alcohol fermentation: process of using yeast to convert sugars into alcohol.
Glycolysis uses no oxygen. At the end of glycolysis the presence or absence of oxygen is a deciding factor to continue.
Diagram where in the mitochondria the citric acid cycle and the ETC take place. Where is there high H+ and low H+?
The ETC takes place on the membrane between the matrix and the intermembrane space.
The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
There is high H+ in the intermembrane space and low H+ in the matrix.
