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Bio 11A: The Cell > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Designing experiments with appropriates control?

A

Control: An element that remains unchanged

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2
Q

What are independent and dependent variables?

A

Independent Variable: Not influenced by any other variable.
Dependent Variable: Value depends on the other. It’s the one that is influenced.

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3
Q

Convert microliters to milliliter and vise versa.

A

1 milliliter (ml) = 1000.00 microliters (ul)

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4
Q

How are Micropipettes used?

A

Micropipettes used to collect and extract samples.
1. By moving the dial we adjust it to the appropriate volume.
2. Next place a clean tip.
3. Press on the plunger to the first stop and hold it. Then place it inside the solution.
4. Slowly release the plunger to collect and draw the sample.
5. Press the plunger to the first stop. Then to the 2nd stop to release the sample and release the plunger after taking it out of the solution.

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5
Q

Significance of the First Stop

A

The first stop is used to fill the Micropipettes tip.

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6
Q

Which axis does x and y values go on?

A

Independent: x-value
Dependent: y-value

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7
Q

Differences between Graphs

A

Bar Graphs: used to compare measurements between different groups. Not continuous.

Scatter Plot: shows the relationship between two numerical values.

Line graph: use when displaying a change in something over a continuous range.
ex: time is continuous

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8
Q

Elements needed for a good graph

A

independent and dependent variables
Labels for both x and y axis.
Title
Trendline
Equation

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9
Q

Explain how to make a standard curve

A

Graphs of light absorbance vs solution concentration.

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10
Q

Trendline to calculate an unknown

A

Trend-line indicates a linear relationship.

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11
Q

Describe how to focus the compound microscope.

A

To focus a compound microscope use the stage control knob, fine focus, course focus, condenser.
Keep adjusting until it’s clear

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12
Q

Important parts of the microscope from the lab.

A

Ocular lens
Objective lens
Stage
Condenser
Iris diaphragm
Light control Knob
Base Stage Control Knobs
Course focus
Fine Focus

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13
Q

Total magnification

A

Power of objective x Power of Ocular

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14
Q

Define field of view and depth of field? How do they change as the magnification changes

A

Field of view is the amount of specimen you view through the objective. The higher the magnification the lower the field of view gets.
Depth of field the depth that is in focus. Greater thickness greater depth of field
As magnification increases depth decreases.

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15
Q

Describe how to make a wet mount. What is the purpose of staining?

A

A wet mount is made by getting getting a small drop of water and placing on a slide. Then place your sample of cells in the drop and stain it to be able to view the cells in the microscope.

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16
Q

Describe what you saw in the animal cell slide. Which organelles are visible?

A

The organelles more visible were the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm

17
Q

Describe what you saw in a plant cell? What organelles were visible?

A

Chloroplast and cell wall and nucleus were visible

18
Q

Three shapes of bacterial cells.

A

Bacillus (Rod shaped)
Cocci (round)
Spirilla (spiral)

19
Q

Differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus usually bacteria unicellular cells
Eukaryotes have a nucleus with several membrane bound organelles. Multicellular cell
Similarities: They have a membrane. Both have DNA and ribosomes

20
Q

Describe the proper use of the oil immersion lens

A

Once we’ve looked at the specimen at the microscope now it’s time to view it in 100x on here we will need a drop of oil on the coverslip and touch the lens with the oil.
At the end clean it with a lens paper

21
Q

Define Diffusion. Osmosis. Hypertonic Hypotonic and Isotonic

A

Diffusion: moving substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis: the moving of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Where solutes are mostly present attracts water molecules
Hypertonic: water moves out the cell causing it to shrivel
Hypotonic: water moves in causing it to burst
Isotonic: water flows in and out

22
Q

How does diffusion work

A

Moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration according to its concentration gradient

23
Q

How does diffusion occur across the plasma membrane. What are membrane channels used for

A

Membrane channel can facilitate diffusion by having a hydrophilic center where they are able to cross with no complication polar molecules

24
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Osmolarity is a process of measurement of solute concentration

25
Q

Animal/plant cells hypertonic hypotonic and isotonic

A

Hypertonic: animal lyse. Plants, Detach from the cell wall
Hypotonic: Animals burst. Plants, expand the central vacuole helps take excess water
Isotonic water in and out perfect

26
Q

What affects diffusion

A

Temperature, pressure, concentration gradient, and membrane permeability

27
Q

Define enzyme, substrate, product, denaturation

A

Enzyme: protein that catalyzes
Substrate: binds to enzyme
Product: material results mostly glucose galactose
Denaturation: is the breaking of bonds and the different levels of protein such tertiary quaternary

28
Q

Describe catalytic cycle of an enzyme

A

The substrate binds to the active site. Causing a change in shape of the enzyme and substrate. The substrate then breaks the chemical bonds of the substrate and the enzyme-product compels is formed.

29
Q

Explain how temperature defines enzymatic activity

A

Raised temperature speeds up
Lowered temperature slows down the reaction

30
Q

Oh affect on enzymatic activity

A

If the pH changes away from the optimum ph than the reaction rate of an enzyme decreases

31
Q

Denaturation

A

Covalent bonds break and the primary structure of proteins is ruined

32
Q

Inputs and outputs of cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

Cellular respiration
Inputs: glucose and oxygen
Outputs: water, carbon dioxide, ATP molecules

Photosynthesis
Inputs: water, carbon dioxide, energy in form of sunlight
Outputs: glucose and oxygen

33
Q

Where does each take place in the cell?

A

Cellular Respiration
The cytoplasm and mitochondria
Photosynthesis
In the mesothelioma chloroplasts

34
Q

What are the different pigments that we learned about?

A

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Beta-Carotene
Xanthophyll

35
Q

How does paper chromatography work?

A

Technique used for the separation of compounds based on the differential solubity in the stationary phase and mobile phase

Bio 11A: The Cell (8 decks)

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