topic 11.2 - movement Flashcards
function of bones and exoskeletons
provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers
define exoskeletons
external skeletons that surround and protect most of the body surface of animals such as crustaceans and insects
describe a first class lever and give an example
E (down), F, R (up)
Example - when a person nods their head backwards
describe a second class lever and give an example
F, R, E (down)
Example - someone walking, the moment where they stand on their tiptoes.
describe a third class lever and give an example
F, E (up), R (down)
Example - flexing forearm down
skeletal muscles are
antagonistic
define antagonistic muscles
when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes - they thus produce opposite movements at a joint
give a example of an antagonistic muscle pair
in the elbow, the triceps extends the forearm while the biceps flex the forearm
give an example of antagonistic pairs of muscles in an insect
in the leg of a grasshopper, which is specialised for jumping.
- when the grasshopper prepares to jump, the flexor muscles will contract
- this will bring the tibia and tarsus into a position where they resemble the letter Z and the femur and tibia are brought closer together (flexing). extensor muscles relax during this phase
- extensor muscles contract extending the tibia and producing a powerful propelling force.
draw a diagram of insect legs and their antagonistic muscle pairs
478
draw a diagram of a human flow as an example of a synovial joint
define a synovial joint
a freely moveable joint that allows a wide range of movement (articulation)
cartilage
- tough, smooth tissue that covers the regions of bone in the joint
- prevents contact between regions of bone that might otherwise rub together, helping prevent friction
- absorbs shocks that might cause bones to fracture
synovial fluid
- fills a cavity in the joint between the cartilages on the ends of the bones
- lubricates the joint so helps to prevent the friction that would occur if the cartilages were dry and touching
joint capsule
- tough ligamentous covering to the joint
- seals the joint and holds in the synovial fluid
- helps prevent dislocation
radius bone
to which the biceps is attached
biceps
flexes the joint
humerus bone
to which the biceps and triceps are attached
triceps
extends the joint
ulna bone
to which the triceps is attached