Topic 1.1- Introduction to Cells

Question 1

State the cell theory (1.1)

Answer 1

The theory that every living organism is made up of cells

Question 2

How is a striated muscle atypical to the cell theory (1.1)

Answer 2

They have long multinucleated fibers

Question 3

How is a giant algae atypical to the cell threoy (1.1)

Answer 3

They can be abnormally large (seaweed)

Question 4

How is an aseptate fungal hyphae atypical to the cell theory (1.1)

Answer 4

They have no cellular partitions and no seperations

Question 5

Why are cells limited in size? (1.1)

Answer 5

The surface area to volume ratio is important because if this ratio is too small, the correct nutrients wouldn’t be able to enter as fast as they are needed

Question 6

What are the 7 functions of life (1.1)

Answer 6

MR H GREN
Metabolism
Response
Homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrients

Question 7

What is a chemical reaction in the cytoplasm called (1.1)

Answer 7

Metabolism

Question 8

What is the reaction to changes in the environment called? (1.1)

Answer 8

Response

Question 9

What is the internal balance of a cell called (1.1)

Answer 9

Homeostasis

Question 10

What is the irreversible increase in size called (1.1)

Answer 10

Growth

Question 11

What is the production of offspring either sexually or asexually called (1.1)

Answer 11

Reproduction

Question 12

What is the waste in the cell called (1.1)

Answer 12

Excretion

Question 13

What is the food of the cell called (1.1)

Answer 13

Nurtrients

Question 14

What are stem cells (1.1)

Answer 14

An undifferentiated cell that can divide and can differentiate along different pathways when needed

Question 15

What is differentiation (1.1)

Answer 15

Cells that have different functions

Question 16

What are emergent properties (1.1)

Answer 16

A group of cells that have different functions all working to achieve the same result

Question 17

How are stem cells used to cure Stargardt’s disease (1.1)

Answer 17

If embryonic stem cells are injected into the eye of a patient with Stargardt’s, the stem cells will latch onto the retina and differentiate into retina cells.

Question 18

How can Leukemia be treated with stem cells? (1.1)

Answer 18

If the fluid from a large bone is removed with a large needle, the stem cells can be seperated and freezed. While this is happening, a large dose of chemotherapy will be given to the patient to kill all the cancer cells in the bone. The stem cells will then be replaced in the bone, which will divide to create more white and red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Question 19

What are the ethical issues with using embryonic stem cells? (1.1)

Answer 19

To collect embryonic stem cells the embryo would have to be killed. This is illegal in many places because people think this to be murder. There is also a higher change of genetic mutation since the DNA might be different from the rest of the cells.

Question 20

What are the ethical issues with using umbilical cord stem cells (1.1)

Answer 20

They are very expensive and there is a high risk of rejection. The umbilical cord will be thrown away regardless

Question 21

What are the ethical issues with using adult stem cells? (1.1)

Answer 21

The adult stem cells are the most differentiated. there id also a very complicated and expensive procedure following. People would also need to volunteer and give consent for them to be collected. There is also a lower change of genetic mutation since the cells could have the same DNA