Topic 1.1- Introduction to Cells Flashcards
State the cell theory (1.1)
The theory that every living organism is made up of cells
How is a striated muscle atypical to the cell theory (1.1)
They have long multinucleated fibers
How is a giant algae atypical to the cell threoy (1.1)
They can be abnormally large (seaweed)
How is an aseptate fungal hyphae atypical to the cell theory (1.1)
They have no cellular partitions and no seperations
Why are cells limited in size? (1.1)
The surface area to volume ratio is important because if this ratio is too small, the correct nutrients wouldn’t be able to enter as fast as they are needed
What are the 7 functions of life (1.1)
MR H GREN Metabolism Response Homeostasis Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrients
What is a chemical reaction in the cytoplasm called (1.1)
Metabolism
What is the reaction to changes in the environment called? (1.1)
Response
What is the internal balance of a cell called (1.1)
Homeostasis
What is the irreversible increase in size called (1.1)
Growth
What is the production of offspring either sexually or asexually called (1.1)
Reproduction
What is the waste in the cell called (1.1)
Excretion
What is the food of the cell called (1.1)
Nurtrients
What are stem cells (1.1)
An undifferentiated cell that can divide and can differentiate along different pathways when needed
What is differentiation (1.1)
Cells that have different functions
What are emergent properties (1.1)
A group of cells that have different functions all working to achieve the same result
How are stem cells used to cure Stargardt’s disease (1.1)
If embryonic stem cells are injected into the eye of a patient with Stargardt’s, the stem cells will latch onto the retina and differentiate into retina cells.
How can Leukemia be treated with stem cells? (1.1)
If the fluid from a large bone is removed with a large needle, the stem cells can be seperated and freezed. While this is happening, a large dose of chemotherapy will be given to the patient to kill all the cancer cells in the bone. The stem cells will then be replaced in the bone, which will divide to create more white and red blood cells in the bone marrow.
What are the ethical issues with using embryonic stem cells? (1.1)
To collect embryonic stem cells the embryo would have to be killed. This is illegal in many places because people think this to be murder. There is also a higher change of genetic mutation since the DNA might be different from the rest of the cells.
What are the ethical issues with using umbilical cord stem cells (1.1)
They are very expensive and there is a high risk of rejection. The umbilical cord will be thrown away regardless
What are the ethical issues with using adult stem cells? (1.1)
The adult stem cells are the most differentiated. there id also a very complicated and expensive procedure following. People would also need to volunteer and give consent for them to be collected. There is also a lower change of genetic mutation since the cells could have the same DNA
