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GCSE AQA Chemistry > Topic 10: Using Resources > Flashcards

Topic 10: Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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2
Q

In the UK, potable (safe to drink) water is produced by…?

A

• choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
• passing the water through filter beds to remove any solids
• sterilising to kill microbes

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3
Q

What are the sterilising agents for potable water?

A

Sterilising agents used for potable water include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light.

• Chlorine is a toxic gas so the amount added to water has to be carefully monitored.

• Using ultraviolet light to kill microbes avoids adding chemicals to the water but is more expensive

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4
Q

How is desalination carried out?

A
  • Desalination methods: distillation and membrane processes (e.g., reverse osmosis).
  • Both methods are energy-intensive.
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5
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A
  • Seawater is filtered through a membrane that permits only water molecules.
  • High pressure is essential to push water through the membrane.
  • Producing the high pressure demands substantial energy.
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6
Q

How is wastewater produced and how is it treated?

A
  • Urban and industrial activities generate substantial wastewater needing treatment.
  • Sewage and agricultural wastewater must have organic matter and harmful microbes removed.
  • Industrial wastewater needs the removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals.
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7
Q

What are the processes involved in sewage treatment?

A

Sewage treatment includes:
- screening and grit removal
- sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
- anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
- aerobic biological treatment of effluent

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8
Q

What do new methods of mining avoid in terms of disadvantages of traditional mining?

A

Avoids the disadvantages of traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

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9
Q

What is phytomining?

A
  • Phytomining involves plants absorbing metal compounds from soil.
  • Plants are harvested after absorbing metals.
  • Harvested plants are burned to produce ash.
  • Ash contains the metal compounds extracted by the plants.
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10
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.

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11
Q

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of phytomining and bioleaching?

A

These methods need less energy than traditional methods, and can work on low concentration ores but are slow to carry out.

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12
Q

Describe the stages of LCAs

A

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products in each of these stages:

  • extracting and processing raw materials
  • manufacturing and packaging
  • use and operation during its lifetime
  • disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage.
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13
Q

How do we reduce the use of resources?

A

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduces the use of limited resources, energy consumption, waste and environmental impacts.

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14
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling?

A
  • Advantages of recycling: less acid rain (pollution) metal ore reserves last longer / conserved energy for extraction saved less mining / quarrying less waste less landfill creates local employment
  • Disadvantages of recycling: collection problems transport problems/ cost of transport difficult to separate metal from appliances/sort
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15
Q

What is corrosion and how is it prevented?

A
  • Corrosion Definition: Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with environmental substances (e.g., rusting).
  • Prevention Methods:
    • Apply a coating to act as a barrier.
    • Common coatings: greasing, painting, electroplating.
    • Purpose: Prevent air or water from contacting the metal.
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16
Q

Describe the sacrificial protection

A
  • Reactive coatings can include corrosion inhibitors or a more reactive metal.
  • When two metals are in contact, the more reactive metal corrodes, protecting the less reactive one.
  • Example: Zinc galvanizes iron; if scratched, zinc corrodes instead of iron due to its higher reactivity, offering sacrificial protection.
17
Q

Describe the compounds and the uses of bronze, brass, gold and silver and copper and zinc, aluminium-magnesium and steels

A

Alloys:

  • Bronze: Alloy of copper and tin; used for statues and decorative objects.
  • Brass: Alloy of copper and zinc; used for water taps and door fittings.
  • Gold Jewelry: Usually alloyed with silver, copper, and zinc; purity measured in carats (24 carat = pure gold, 18 carat = 75% gold).
  • Aluminium-Magnesium Alloys: Low density; used in aerospace manufacturing.
  • Steels:
    • High carbon steel: Strong but brittle.
    • Low carbon steel: Softer and more easily shaped.
    • Stainless steels: Contain chromium and nickel; hard and resistant to corrosion.
18
Q

How are the properties of polymers determined?

A
  • Polymer properties depend on the monomers used and the manufacturing conditions.
  • Example: Low Density (LD) and High Density (HD) poly(ethene) are both made from ethene.
  • Different catalysts and reaction conditions produce LD and HD poly(ethene).
19
Q

Describe the structures of thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers

A
  • Thermosetting polymers:
    • Do not melt on heating.
    • Linked by strong cross-links.
  • Thermosoftening polymers:
    • Soften easily on heating.
    • Can be remoulded.
    • Maintain new shape on cooling.
    • Attracted by weak intermolecular forces.
20
Q

How is glass made?

A
  • Most common glass: soda-lime, made from sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone.
  • Borosilicate glass: made from sand and boron trioxide.
  • Borosilicate glass has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass.
21
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

Clay ceramics, including pottery and bricks, are made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace.

22
Q

How are composites formed?

A
  • Reinforcement: Fibers or fragments of a material.
  • Binder/Matrix: Surrounds and holds fibers/fragments together.
  • Example: Fiberglass - glass fibers in polymer.
  • Usage: Making storage tanks.
23
Q

Outline the key points of Haber process. Include the use of the product.

A
  • Purified H2 and N2 gases pass over Fe catalyst at high temp (450°C) and pressure (200 atm)
  • Fe catalyst accelerates reaction rate, enabling lower temp usage
  • Reaction: N2 + 3 H2 ⇌ 2 NH3
  • Reaction is reversible; NH3 breaks down into N2 and H2
  • Cooling liquefies NH3, removed; H2 and N2 recycled, minimal waste
  • NH3 used for nitrogen-containing fertilizers
24
Q

The Haber process operates at high T, p conditions. Explain why this is so and why this is a compromise.

A
  • Reaction is exothermic, optimized at 450°C
  • Lower temperature = higher yield but slower rate of NH3 production
  • Pressure set at 200 atm
  • Higher pressure = higher yield, but costly due to energy expense
25
Q

How are compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium used?

A

Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used as fertilisers to improve agricultural productivity. NPK fertilisers contain compounds of all three elements

26
Q

How is industrial production of NPK fertilisers achieved?

A
  • Ammonia is versatile in manufacturing ammonium salts.
  • Ammonium salts like sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate are produced by reacting ammonia with specific acids.

2 NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 2

NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3

*nitric acid is itself made from ammonia

27
Q

How is the phosphate rock utilised in the production of fertilisers?

A
  • Phosphate rock + nitric acid = phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
  • Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid = calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate
  • Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid = calcium phosphate

GCSE AQA Chemistry (21 decks)

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