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Biology unit 1/2 > Topic 10: Reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 10: Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the method by which organisms give rise to similar to identical cells or organisms

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

A process where new cells or organisms are produced without the involvement of gametes. Unless a mutation occurs the result in cell or organism is genetically identical, a clone of their parent cell or organism.

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

ADVANTAGE: A large number of individuals can be produced very quickly, ideal for an unchanging environment.
DISADVANTAGE: lacks genetic variation in population (if environment changes for the worst all individuals die)

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

A process where new individuals are formed from the fusion of sex cells or gametes, egg and sperm or pollen, and form a zygote. All organisms have the ability to undergo sexual reproduction (even prokaryotes). Genetically unique individuals are produced for, genetically unique gametes

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

ADVANTAGE: produces genetic variation in offspring, ideal for a changing environment
DISADVANTAGE: need to find a mate, process is slow and signals sent to prospective mate may attract predators.

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6
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. They contain on circular molecule of DNA. The process of Binary fission in bacteria is simpler and faster than eukaryotes.

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7
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A
  • replication of circular molecule of DNA
  • attachment of two DNA molecules to plasma membrane
  • lengthening of cell
  • division of the cell into two via a constriction process across the middle of the cell so that each new cell contains one molecule of DNA.
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8
Q

What is budding?

A

Budding happens when small groups of cells bud or break away from the main organism and a carried by currents to other locations. HYDRA

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9
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Part of the organism breaks off and regenerates into anew individual FLATWORMS SEASTARS

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10
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Reproduction without fertilisation, offspring are produced from unfertilised eggs developed through mitosis.

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11
Q

What is spore formation?

A

Spores released into environment and germinate into new individuals. Eg fungi moss ferns

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12
Q

What is vegative propagation?

A 
Runners
Rhizomes
Tubers
Bulbs
And suckers
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13
Q

What are the advantages of tissue culture cloning of plants?

A
  • slow growing plants can be produced in large numbers
  • plants can be cultures all year round in controlled condition of temp and day length, instead of seasonal growth
  • virus free tissue can be used to produce healthy plants
  • cultured plants can be transported from country to country without lengthy quarantine periods
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14
Q

What is embryo splitting?

A

Embryo splitting enables the increase of genetic output from several mating of a top bull and prize cow for example. The two offspring are genetically identical to each other and the fertilised egg, not the parents.

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15
Q

What is the process of embryo splitting?

A
  • select prize cow, collect eggs
  • select prize bull, collect sperm
  • in vitro fertilisation
  • grow in vitro to 16 cell embryo
  • split embryo into several identical twins
  • grow to 16 cell stage and implant into surrogate mothers
  • each calf is a clone
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16
Q

What is the process of somatic cell cloning?

A
  • sheep a, scrape somatic cells from udder tissue
  • sheep b, collect eggs
  • remove nucleus of sheep b egg
  • fuse eggs with electric current
  • grow in vitro to 16 cell embryos
  • implant into surrogate mother c
  • lamb d is a clone of sheep a
17
Q

Where does the genetic material come from in nuclear transfer?

A

The nucleus of the adult body cell so the genotype of the cloned animal is determined by the donor nucleus not by the egg into which the nucleus is transferred.

18
Q

What are the limitations in cloning by nuclear transfer?

A
  • the success rate in initiating development of egg cell after nucleus transfer is low
  • few embryos implanted into surrogate mothers survive to full term
  • fewer than a percent of cloned embryos survive beyond birth
  • of the clones that survive beyond birth many have abnormalities that cause early death
19
Q

What is evidence is there behind these limitations?

A
  • there is evidence that each time a mammalian cell divides the specialised ends of their chromosomes known as telomeres become shorter
  • some scientists argue that the shortening of chromosome ends is associated with ageing. Thus a cloned animal that originates from an adult cell that already has shortened chromosomes will age from rapidly.
20
Q

What is sexual reproduction and what cells are involved?

A

Sexual reproduction involved genetic contributions in the form of gametes from two parental sources to their offspring.

21
Q

What is diploid and haploid?

A

DIPLOID- refers to organisms or cells that have two copies of each specific chromosomes, pairs
HAPLOID- refers to organisms or cells that only have one copy of each specific chromosome.

22
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process that produces gametes with a haploid number of chromosomes. After fertilisation, when the nucleus of thesperm fused with that of a egg,the diploid number is restored.

23
Q

What happens at interphase in meiosis?

A

DNA replicated during which each chromosome replicates. Each chromosome is now two genetically identical up separated sister chromatids.

24
Q

What happens at prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

The chromosomes condense. The homologues each consisting of two sister chromatids, pair up through synapsids to form bivalents. At this stage segments of chromosomes can be exchanged in a process called crossing over.

25
Q

Metaphase 1 meiosis

A

The bivalents line up at the equator, metaphase plate in a random way resulting in independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

26
Q

Anaphase 1 meiosis

A

Chromosomes from each pair move to opposite poles of the cell. The centromere of the chromosomes does not divide so each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids which may not be genetically identical due to crossing over.

27
Q

What is crossing over?

A

At prophase 1, homologous chromosomes align and pair closely, synapses. Exchanges between a matching segment of one chromosome occur with a strand in its paired homologues. Crossing over produces new combinations of genetic instructions.

28
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

At metaphase 1. The homologues chromosomes separate, disjoin, from each other when their centromeres are pulled to the opposite poles. The disjunction of each homologues pair is independent of any others. As a result in a large number of gametes any member of one pair of marching chromosomes come be found with any member of another matching pair.

29
Q

What is chiasma?

A

The pairing of homologues allows chiasma to form between the chromatids of homologous chromosomes. These are places where the chromatids becomes Criss crossed and the chromosomes exchange segments.

30
Q

What is the first stage where meiosis differs from mitosis?

A

In prophase I in meiosis the chromosomes attach to the membrane of the nucleus and pair up with their corresponding chromosomes. In mitosis this does not occur as each chromosome is an identical copy.

31
Q

Difference between meiosis and mitosis, metaphase and anaphase I

A

In metaphase I of mitosis, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate as the fibres begin to tug each chromosome toward opposite ends of the cell. I’m meiosis the chromosomes line up on either side of the metaphase plate. In anaphase I of mitosis the fibres pull the chromatids towards opposite ends of the cell but in meiosis the chromosome pairs separate half.

32
Q

External fertilisation

A

The release of gametes into the external environment so that the fertilisation occurs outside the female body. Production of large numbers of gametes, Higher chance of fertilisation but game wastage.

33
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

When males deliver sperm directly into the reproductive tract of females so that the fertilisation occurs inside the female body. Bc the environment is more controlled there is a higher chance of fertilisation. But it has the energy cost of finding attracting and securing a mate.

Biology unit 1/2 (18 decks)

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