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MCR101 > Topic 10 -Principles of Disease and Epidermiology > Flashcards

Topic 10 -Principles of Disease and Epidermiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

Study of disease

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

Study of the cause of a disease

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The development of a disease

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4
Q

What is infection?

A

Colonisation of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

What is disease?

A

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

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6
Q

Transient microbiota…?

A

may be present for days, weeks or months

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7
Q

A bit about normal microbiota? How do they protect the host?

A

Permanently colonise the host. Can be opportunistic pathogens.
Protect by:
-producing acids, -producing bacteriocins, -occupying niches that pathogens might occupy

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8
Q

What is symbiosis? Name the 3 kinds.

A

the relationship b/w normal microbiota and the host

-commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

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9
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected e.g. a whale and barnacles

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10
Q

What is mutualism?

A

both organisms benefit e.g. oxpeckers (birds) and zebras

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11
Q

What is parasitism?

A

one organism benefits at the expense of another e.g. tapeworms in humans/animals

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12
Q

List Koch’s Postulates.

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the same as in the original animal
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13
Q

Koch’s Postulates are used to prove..?

A

the cause of an infectious disease

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14
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that is spread from one host to another e.g. HIV

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15
Q

What us a noncommunicable disease?

A

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

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16
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another e.g. flu

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17
Q

What is a symptom?

A

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease (can only be experienced) e.g. pain

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18
Q

What is a sign?

A

A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease e.g. rapid pulse, high temp.

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19
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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20
Q

Describe incidence of disease

A

Fraction (annual number) of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

21
Q

Describe prevalence of disease

A

Fraction (current number) of a population having a specific disease at a given time

22
Q

Describe sporadic disease

A

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population

23
Q

Describe endemic disease

A

Disease constantly present in a population

24
Q

Describe epidemic disease

A

Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

25
Q

Describe pandemic disease

A

Worldwide epidemic

26
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Immunity in most of a population

27
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

symptoms develop rapidly

28
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

disease develops slowly

29
Q

What is a subacute disease?

A

Symptoms b/w acute and chronic

30
Q

What is a latent disease?

A

Disease w/ a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

31
Q

What is a local infection?

A

Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

32
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

An infection throughout the body

33
Q

What is a focal infection?

A

A systemic infection that began as a local infection

34
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes

35
Q

What is bacteremia and septicemia?

A

Bacteremia - bacteria in the blood

Septicemia - growth of bacteria in the blood

36
Q

What is toxemia and viremia?

A

toxemia - toxins in the blood

viremia - viruses in the blood

37
Q

Describe a primary infection

A

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

38
Q

Describe a secondary infection

A

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

39
Q

What is a subclinical disease?

A

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

40
Q

What is a predisposing factor to disease? List 4.

A

Make the body more susceptible to disease.

  1. Inherited traits e.g. sickle cell
  2. Climate & weather
  3. Short urethra in females
  4. Age & lifestyle
41
Q

Put the following in order, according to the pattern of disease: period of decline, period of convalescence, period of illness, prodromal period, incubation period

A

SEE DIAGRAM.

  1. Incubation period (no signs or symptoms)
  2. Prodromal period (mild signs or symptoms)
  3. Period of illness (most severe signs and symptoms)
  4. Period of decline (signs and symptoms)
  5. Period of convalescence (gradual recovery of health and strength after illness or injury)
42
Q

What is a reservoir of infection? Give examples.

A

A continual source of infection. Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
Human -AIDS
Animal -Rabies
Nonliving -fomites, soil, air, dust, food

43
Q

What is a fomite?

A

an inanimate object capable of transmitting pathogens

44
Q

Describe 3 methods of disease transmission

A
  1. Contact (direct, indirect by fomites, airborne droplets)
  2. Vehicle transmission (by inanimate reservoir e.g. food)
  3. Vectors e.g. fleas
45
Q

What are the 2 methods of disease transmission by vectors?

A
  1. Mechanical transmission: carries pathogen on feet

2. Biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in vector

46
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Acquired as a result of a hospital stay

47
Q

List several methods of disease transmission in hospitals

A
  • bedding
  • patients gowns
  • towels
  • bedpans
  • thermometers
  • gloves
  • eating/drinking utensils
48
Q

What is a compromised host?

A

a patient with acquired or congenital immunologic deficiency at increased risk for infectious disease complications

MCR101 (13 decks)

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