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Nutrition > Topic 10 - PART B > Flashcards

Topic 10 - PART B Flashcards

1
Q

How does a baby’s weight change over time?

A
  • doubles by 5 months, triples by about 1 year, then it plateaus out
  • infancy (<12 months) most rapid period of growth

highest height velocity is in 1st year

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2
Q

Growth directly reflects . . .

A

nutrient intake

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3
Q

What is necessary for a child to reach their full height potential?

A
  • nutrition
  • good health
  • thyroid hormones
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4
Q

Why do we monitor a child’s growth?

A
  • it is an important marker of health and development
  • best measure of nutrition
  • helpful in determining underlying health / developmental problems
  • quick, non-invasive

growth monitored against growth charts - compare a child’s height/length and weight w those of other children of same age + sex

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5
Q

What kinds of growth charts does Aus use?

A

WHO charts: birth - 2 years
CDC charts: 2 - 18 years

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6
Q

Healthy growth refers to a child . . .

A

whose weight and height tracks along percentile lines

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7
Q

WHO Charts describe what?

A

describe normal child growth under optimal environmental conditions (breastfeeding) and can be applied everywhere, regardless of ethnicity, SES, and type of feeding

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8
Q

What are the ENERGY requirements during infancy?

A
  • 420 - 450 kJ/kh body weight (more than double that of adults)
  • balance of carbohydrate, fat, and protein needed
  • carbohydrate needed for brain function
  • fat provides most of the energy
  • protein esp important for growth + development; however, excess can cause organ stress
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9
Q

What are the Vitamin / mineral requirements during infancy?

A
  • infants have more than double the needs of an adult in proportion to weight
  • infants’ vitamin A, C, D, and iodine needs are esp high

infants need higher percentage of water compared to adults

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10
Q

NHMRC recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months and continued breastfeeding is encouraged until 12 months. What are some features of colostrum?

A
  • Colostrum = first milk
  • rich in immunoactive proteins, which changes to increasing concentrations of lactose, casein, and fat in watery “mature” milk
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11
Q

What are some features of mature milk?

A
  • lactose - helps disaccharide absorption
  • alpha-lactalbumin - an easy to digest protein
  • fatty acids - arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid
  • vitamin D levels depend on the mother’s vitamin D status
  • calcium content is ideal and well-absorbed; also high bioavailability of iron, zinc, and vitamin B12 (but this also depend on mother’s diet)
  • bacteria - unique microbiome
  • immune factors
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11
Q

What percentage of infants in Australia under 6 months are receiving infant formula?

A

75 to 85%

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11
Q

What are the potential health risks for infants of formula feeding?

A
  • increased risk of infectious diseases
  • exposure to environmental / bacterial contaminants (i.e. Cronobacter sazakaii - can be fatal)
  • nursing bottle tooth decay
  • overweight / obesity in children + adolescents
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12
Q

Differences in composition of breastmilk vs infant formula

A
  • infant formula has more protein, more carbohydrate
  • infant formula has less fat
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13
Q

What is considered a pre-term infant?

A

babies born before 37 weeks of gestation

survival outside womb is possible from 24 weeks, but with risks

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14
Q

What are some special needs of preterm infants?

A
  • high risk for nutritional imbalanced, because final transfer (mother to foetus) of several nutrients occurs in the later stages of the 3rd trimester, hence preterm infants suffer several nutrient deficiencies
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15
Q

What is preterm breast milk like?

A
  • higher in protein so a smaller volume can support growth (for their little stomachs)
  • preterm breast milk is often fortified with vitamins and minerals to maximise potential of the baby for full development

Australian Red Cross now has a milk bank, which supplies pasteurized donor human milk to hospitals for pre-term infants

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16
Q

Why shouldn’t cows’ milk be introduced to infants under 12 months of age?

A
  • it has a high protein content
  • can cause intestinal bleeding
  • is a poor source of iron

Children aged 1-2 years should not be given REDUCED fat, LOW fat, or fat FREE milk varieties

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
Infants require additional iron at around 6 months - as body stores, breast milk, or infant formula do not provide enough

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What kinds of minerals should first foods contain?

A

should contain iron
- iron-enriched infant rice cereal
- pureed meat, poultry, fish
- cooked tofu and legumes

New foods should be of high nutrient density and try to include a variety of foods from each of the 5 food groups

19
Q

What are some issues with vegan / vegetarian diets for babies?

A
  • risk of undernutrition
  • vegetarian diet can meet requirements for growth IF adequate sources of iron and sufficient protein are present (pureed legumes, tofu, dairy, eggs)
  • growth of vegan infants slows during weaning
  • due to protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin B12, iron, and calcium deficiencies
  • vegan diets that are high in fibre + water fill an infant’s stomach before fulfilling their energy needs
  • infants on vegan diets should continue infant formulas beyond 12 months
20
Q

Foods to avoid during infancy

A
  • hard foods
  • small, roundd foods
  • juice or sweetened beverages (can cause dental caries)
  • honey or raw egg (raw eggs may cause Salmonella poisoning and honey may contain Clostridium Botulinum, a toxin-producing bacterium)
21
Q

Diets with too much fibre (e.g. vegan diets) may limit. . .

A

energy that is needed for growth

22
Q

Why is protein needed during childhood?

A
  • needed for muscle growth and production of proteins that perform vital functions (i.e. enzymes, collagen, hormones, antibodies)
23
Q

In kids, calcium and vitamin D are needed for. . .

A

bone development

24
Q

Food allergy / intolerances affect. . .

A

1 in 20 children, 1 in 50 adults

25
Q

True food allergies cause. . .

A

immunologic responses (release of histidine)

26
Q

Food intolerances are. . .

A
  • adverse reactions, but no antibody production
  • symptoms include stomach ache, headache, increased pule rate, nausea, wheezing, etc.
27
Q

Allergies may have one or 2 components (When it comes to symptoms):

A
  • symptoms can be immediate or delayed
  • symptoms MAY or MAY NOT be present
28
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

a life-threatening food allergy reaction commonly caused by peanuts or treenuts

kids usually outgrow allergies to eggs, milk, and soy

29
Q

What do epinephrine injections do?

A

counteract anaphylaxis by opening the airways and maintaining heartbeat and blood pressure

  • food labelling is used to identify common allergens and additives
30
Q

BMI is constant throughout childhood. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

31
Q

What does BMI depend on for children?

A
  • age
  • stage of growth

overweight if above the 85th percentile

obese if above the 90th percentile

32
Q

What are some caused of childhood obesity?

A
  • parental obesity predicts child’s BMI
  • due to genetics and environment
  • lifestyles have changed - more convenience foods, fewer home cooked meals, more sedentary lifestyles, less physical activity
  • TV/screen time associated with BMI
  • junk food advertising has moved from TV to online (youtube)
33
Q

Having a TV in bedroom is associated with. . .

A

obesity
lots of advertising as well

34
Q

What is the goal of treatment of overweight / obesity?

A
  • reduce rate of weight gain - to maintain weight while child gets taller
35
Q

Multicomponent, family-based programs are recommended for the treatment of obesity / overweight. At an individual level, some categories might include:

A
  • serve family meals hat are calorie controlled and having meals at the table as a family
  • involve children in shopping / prep meals
  • encourage eating only when hungry
  • pack healthy school lunches
  • encourage physical activity
  • regular consumption of a healthy breakfast
  • limit screen time
36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
During adolescence, the percentage of body fat increases among females but decreases among males.

A

TRUE

37
Q

Growth spurt

A
  • most growth occurs over a span of 2-3 years (peak growth velocity is 8-11cm/year)
  • time of the growth spurt is earlier in girls than in boys
38
Q

In adolescence, for every 1 cm there is a _______ weight gain

A

1 kg

boys grow 20 cm in height and gain 20 kg

girls grow 16 cm in height and gain 16 kg

the average height of adolescents is increasing in Australia

39
Q

Energy needs in adolescence

A
  • absolute energy needs are greater than other life stages (Except pregnancy and lactation)
  • vary according to growth rate, gender, body composition, and physical activity level
40
Q

Vitamins needed in adolescence

A

RDI for most vitamins increases

41
Q

Iron needs in adolescence

A

the rapid of growth, the increase in blood volume and the onset of menstrual cycling (females) increase a teen’s need for iron

42
Q

Calcium needs in adolescence

A
  • adequate calcium is critical for reaching peak bone mass and reducing the risk of osteoporosis in later life
  • inadequate calcium intake is very common
43
Q

Why is breakfast important for teens?

A
  • consumption is associated with a high quality diet
  • associated with positive impacts on cognitive function and academic performance
44
Q

Snacks in adolescence

A
  • provide 25% of daily energy intake
  • are often high in fat and sodium and low in fibre (should be the other way around)
45
Q

Eating away from home in adolescence

A
  • one-third of meals are consumed away from home
  • peer influence is strong when making nutritional choices
46
Q

What are problems with soft drinks?

A
  • most commonly chosen discretionary food by adolescents and are number 1 source of added sugars
  • soft drinks tend to displace milk in the diet
  • these drinks are heavily marketed to adolescents
47
Q

What are problems with energy drinks?

A
  • high amount of caffeine can cause palpitations, agitation, tremors, even seizures or cardiac ischaemia
  • this has called for a review of the labelling and marketing of these drinks

Nutrition (10 decks)

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