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IB Chemistry > Topic 10 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the homologous series?

A
  • compounds that can be grouped based on similar structures and reactions
  • has the same general formula
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2
Q

What are the first 6 beginnings of the organic compounds?

A
  1. meth-
  2. eth-
  3. prop-
  4. but-
  5. pent-
  6. hex-
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3
Q

What is the Lewis (electron-dot) structure used for?

A
  • to visualise electrons
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4
Q

What does the empirical formula show?

A
  • the simplest ratio of atoms
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5
Q

What does the molecular formula show?

A
  • the actual number of atoms
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6
Q

What are the three different structural formulae and what do they show?

A
  • Full structural formula: 2D representation showing all atoms and bonds and their relative positions
  • Condensed structural formula: bonds are omitted, all atoms and relative positions shown
  • Skeletal formula: the most basic representation, each line end represents a carbon atom
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7
Q

What is the nomenclature of organic compounds?

A
  • the naming of organic compounds
  • provides information about: the class of compound from which the chemical is derived and including any substitutions and functional groups
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8
Q

How to name an organic compound?

A

1) determine longest continuous carbon chain (provides roof name)
2) when numbering longest carbon chain, the position of any substituent must be the lowest numbered carbon
3) when there are several different substituents, arrange them in alphabetical order
4) use a comma to separate numbers
5) use a hyphen to separate numbers and letters
6) the number of multiple substituents of the same type is indicated by prefexes (1 - mono, 2 - di, 3 - tri, 4 - tetra, 5 - penta)
7) successive words are merged into one word

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9
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A
  • same chemical formula, but a different structural formula

- unique physical and chemical properties

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10
Q

What are things you must know about isomer?

A
  • may differ in their physical properties
  • ability of molecules of one isomer to pack closer together will result in increased molecular forces (= increased boiling point)
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11
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A
  • organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only
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12
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A
  • all C-C bonds are single bonds
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13
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A
  • contain doubled and/or C-C bonds
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14
Q

What are synthetic compounds?

A
  • the products of reactions involving both natural and man made compounds
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15
Q

What are natural compounds?

A
  • found in plants ad animals

- are synthesised by organisms

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16
Q

What are alkanes? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -ane

- C(n)H(2n+2)

17
Q

What are alkenes? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -ene

- C(n)H(2n)

18
Q

What are alkynes? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -yne

- C(n)H(2n-2)

19
Q

What are arenes? (general formula)

A
  • C(n)H(2n-6)
20
Q

What are halagenoalkenes? (general formula)

A
  • C(n)H(2n+1)X
21
Q

What are alcohols? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -ol

- ROH

22
Q

What are aldehydes? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -al

- RCHO

23
Q

What are ketones? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -one

- RC(O)R’

24
Q

What are carboxylic acids? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -oic acids

- RCOOH

25
Q

What are esters? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -oate

- RCOOR’

26
Q

What are ethers? (general formula)

A
  • ROR’
27
Q

What are amines? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -amine

- RNH2, RNHR, RN(R’)R’’

28
Q

What are amides? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -amide

- RCONH2

29
Q

What are nitriles? (suffix and general formula)

A
  • -nitrile

- RCN

30
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A
  • the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst
31
Q

What is free-radical substitution?

A
  • a species that is formed when molecules undergo homolytic fission
32
Q

What are the three stages of free-radical substitution?

A

1) Initiation: triggered by UV light
2) Propagation
3) Termination: removal of free-radicals

IB Chemistry (12 decks)

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