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AQA Physics - Triple Science🪐⚛️🧠 > Topic 10 - Forces and Motion > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Forces and Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is braking distance?

A

The distance travelled by a vehicle during the time it takes for its brakes to act.

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2
Q

What is the law of conservation of momentum?

A

In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equivalent to the total momentum after the event. Momentum is conserved in any collision or explosion, provided no external forces act on these objects.

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3
Q

What does it mean if a graph is directly proportional?

A

The line of best fit is a straight line through the origin point.

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4
Q

What does it mean if a material is elastic?

A

It is able to regain its shape after being squashed or stretched.

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5
Q

What is a spring extension?

A

An increase in a spring’s length from its original length.

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6
Q

What is gravitational field strength?

A

The force of gravity on an object of a certain mass.

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7
Q

What is inertia?

A

The tendency for an object to stay at rest or in uniform motion.

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8
Q

What is the limit of proportionality?

A

The limit for Hooke’s Law applied to the extension of a stretched spring.

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9
Q

What is mass?

A

The quantity of matter in an object measured in kilograms.

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10
Q

What is momentum?

A

Mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

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11
Q

What is Newton’s second Law?

A

The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force on an object. This is inversely proportional to the mass of an object.

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12
Q

What is the stopping distance?

A

The distance travelled by a vehicle in the time taken for the driver to think and brake.

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13
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

The velocity reached by an object in motion when the drag force is equal and opposite to the force making it move.

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14
Q

What is thinking distance?

A

The distance travelled as the driver thinks to react.

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15
Q

What is weight?

A

The force of gravity on an object measured in Newtons.

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16
Q

What is the equation for weight?

A

Weight (Newtons) = Mass (kg) x Gravitational Field Strength (N/KG)

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17
Q

What is the equation involving force, change in momentum and time?

A

Force (N) = Change in momentum (Kgm/s) / time (s)

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18
Q

How do seat belts increase safety in a car?

A

-They reduce severity of injury by restraining them from hitting other objects due to their kinetic energy.

-They scatter kinetic energy released on rapid/instantaneous deceleration - decreasing risk of mortality.

-They also stretch during a collision so the time taken for the person’s body to reach a momentum of zero is increased. According to f = mv/t, increasing time decreases force.

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19
Q

How do airbags increase safety in a car?

A

-They increase the time taken for the person’s momentum to reach zero by cushioning them, decreasing momentum.

-This is shown through f =mv/t where increasing time taken decreases force.

-They also spread out the kinetic energy, decreasing force on impact, so that the body does not receive concentrated impact forces.

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20
Q

How do crumple zones increase safety in a car?

A

-Crumple zones crush in a controlled manner during impact, so that force applied onto passengers is less. This works in accordance with F=W/D, where decreasing work done will decrease force.

-This is done in accordance with f=mv/t, where time taken is increased by absorbing force, decreasing force applied to the passengers.

21
Q

How does automatic braking increase safety in a car?

A

-Automatic braking uses sensors to detect potential collisions and brake in case the driver does not see it fast enough to prevent a collision.

-This reduces impact speed and thus force applied during the collision by the car, by decreasing v in f = mv/t, reducing injury severity.

22
Q

How do ABS brakes increase car safety?

A

-They prevent skidding, a leading cause of car accidents, by monitoring wheel speed and applying pressure to the brakes when deemed necessary.

23
Q

How does the LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system increase safety in a car?

A

-Laser light is sent from a transmitter, this is reflected from objects to map out the road for the car. It scans for potential obstructions.

-This allows warning systems like automatic braking to work and prevent collisions by reducing on-impact speed.

24
Q

What is inelastic deformation?

A

When changes made by the deformation are not reversed.

25
Q

What is spring constant?

A

A Constant measuring the ratio of the force affecting the spring and the displacement caused by this force.

26
Q

What is the equation for resultant force?

A

Resultant force = mass x acceleration

27
Q

What is inertia?

A

The tendency of an object to stay at rest or continue in uniform motion.

28
Q

What can inertial mass be defined as?

A

Force / acceleration

29
Q

What is weight defined as?

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity.

30
Q

What is mass defined as?

A

The quantity of matter in an object.

31
Q

What is gravitational field strength defined as?

A

The gravitational force on a 1kg object in a field, shown as N/kg

32
Q

What is the equation for weight?

A

Mass x gravitational field strength

33
Q

When is an object at terminal velocity?

A

When the frictional force is equal and opposite to its weight. The resultant force is zero. The acceleration is also zero.

34
Q

What is the braking force equal to?

A

The speed of the vehicle when brakes are applied.

The mass of the vehicle.

35
Q

What factors can affect stopping distance?

A

Tiredness, alcohol and drugs affect the brain and increase reaction time.

The faster a vehicle is travelling, the further it travels before it stops.

In bad road conditions, drivers have to brake with less force to avoid skidding.

Poorly maintained vehicles may have worn tyres or brakes, taking longer to stop.

36
Q

How is conservation of momentum shown in an artillery gun?

A

When a shell is fired, the gun barrel recoils backwards, the recoil is slowed down by a spring.

37
Q

What is the rule for impact time?

A

The longer the impact time during a collision, the more the impact force is reduced as change in momentum per second is reduced.

38
Q

What do cyclists and horse riders use to maintain safety?

A

They wear safety helmets to prevent brain damage.

39
Q

What is thinking distance proportional to?

A

Speed

40
Q

What is braking distance proportional to?

A

The square of speed.

41
Q

How are playgrounds made safe?

A

They are fitted with cushioned surfaces underneath swings and slides in case children fall off. This increases impact time, reducing momentum and potential injury.

42
Q

What is does it mean for an object to be elastic?

A

An object returns to its original shape after being twisted or compressed or stretched.

43
Q

What is the increased length from a compression or stretch called?

A

Extension

44
Q

What is extension equal to?

A

Maximum length reached - original length

45
Q

What is weight on a spring proportional to?

A

Extension

46
Q

What is true about the extension?

A

Extension is directly proportional to the force applied as long as the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

47
Q

What is Hooke’s Law?

A

Force applied = spring constant x extension

48
Q
A

AQA Physics - Triple Science🪐⚛️🧠 (30 decks)

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