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CHEM👑 > Topic 10 > Flashcards

Topic 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Catalyst for the Oxidation of Alcohols?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)

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2
Q

What forms from the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols?

A

Aldehydes

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3
Q

What forms from the Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols?

A

Ketones

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4
Q

What are the three factors on which Boling point depends on?

A

Polarity

Substances with hydrogen bonding have higher boiling points than those with dipole-dipole or only London Dispersion.

Alkanes, alkenes, and benzne are non-polar with only London Dispersion forces

Aldehydes, ketones, and esters experience the stronger dipole-dipole forces

Amines, alcohols and carboxylic acids exhibit hydrogen bonding (highest Boling Point)

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5
Q

What are the 3 main points on Benzene?

A

Benzene does not undergo addition reaction, but rather substitution reactions,

Benzene does not react with KMnO₄,

Benzene’s carbon bonds are equivalent,
Therefore benzene cannot have double bonds.

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6
Q

What is the structural formula of Benzene?

A

The structural formula of Benzene is C₆H₆

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7
Q

What is the difference between Empirical, Molecular and Structural Formulas?

A

Molecular formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound,

Empirical formulas tell you the simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound.

If a compound’s molecular formula cannot be reduced any more, then the empirical formula is the same as the molecular formula.

Structural Formula shows how the atoms are arranged

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8
Q

What are Structural Isomers?

A

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but having a different structure (arrangement of atoms)

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9
Q

What is the reason that Alkanes are saturated compounds

A

It is because Alkanes consist entirely of single bonds

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10
Q

What homologous series are Saturated Compounds? Explain.

A

Saturated compounds are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

They are the simplest class of hydrocarbons.

They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.

In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen.

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11
Q

What class can form saturated compounds?

A

Alkanes

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12
Q

What does the substitution of a halogen onto an alkane require?

A

The substitution of a halogen onto an alkane requires UV light.

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13
Q

Why does the substitution of a halogen onto an alkane require UV light?

A

UV light is strong enough to split the halogen molecule into two atoms.

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14
Q

What is the catalyst of esters to make carboxylic acids?

A

H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) and heat

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15
Q

_____________hydrocarbon is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is ring-shaped (cyclic) and has alternating single and double bonds between carbon atoms.

A

aromatic

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16
Q

Which bond is more reactive? Double bond or single bond?

A

Double bond. That means that Alkenes are more reactive than Alkanes

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17
Q 
Which reaction type is typical for halogenoalkanes?
A.	nucleophilic substitution
B.	electrophilic substitution
C.	electrophilic addition
D.	nucleophilic addition
A

A

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18
Q 
Which are characteristics typical of a free radical?
I.	It has a lone pair of electrons.
II.	It can be formed by the homolytic fission of a covalent bond.
III.	It is uncharged.
A.	I and II only
B.	I and III only
C.	II and III only
D.	I, II and III
A

D

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19
Q 
Which species reacts most readily with propane?
A.	Br2
B.	Br•
C.	Br–
D.	Br+
A

B

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20
Q

Which statement about successive members of all homologous series is correct?
A. They have the same empirical formula.
B. They differ by a CH2 group.
C. They have the same physical properties.
D. They differ in their degree of unsaturation.

A

B

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21
Q

Which products can be potentially obtained from crude oil and are economically important?
I. Plastics
II. Margarine
III. Motor fuel
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

A

B

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22
Q

Describe three features of members of a homologous series.

A

same general formula/CnH2n;
formulas of successive members differ by CH2;
similar chemical properties/same functional group;
gradation/gradual change in physical properties;

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23
Q

Ethene, propene and but-2-ene are members of the alkene homologous series. State and explain which compound has the highest boiling point.

A

2-butene
strongest intermolecular/van der Waals’ forces;
largest (molecular) mass/size/surface area/area of contact

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24
Q

Describe a chemical test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes, giving the result in each case.

A 
add bromine (water);
alkanes − no change/stays or turns brown;
alkenes − bromine (water) decolorizes
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25
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

substitution reaction where a bond is broken & electrons are shared

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26
Q

catalyst for alkene -> alkane

A

Ni (process is hydrogenation)

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27
Q

catalyst for alkene -> alcohol

A

HCl

28
Q

What are the different types of hydrocarbon compounds

A

saturated compounds & unsaturated compounds

29
Q

unsaturated carbon compounds

A

compounds containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds

30
Q

definition for functional group

A

an atom/group of atoms in an organic molecule that gives the compound its characteristic properties; it is the reactive part of the molecule

31
Q

definition of homologous series?

A

a series of compounds w the same functional group, they have the same general formula & differ from eachother by a common structural unit, usually -CH2-

32
Q

why do members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties?

A

bc they all have the same functional group

33
Q

stereochemical formula

A

Shows the spatial arrangement of bonds, atoms and functional groups in three dimensions.

34
Q

alkanes reaction

A

alkanes have low reactivity and undergo free-radical substitution reactions.

35
Q

alkenes reaction

A

alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and undergo addition reactions. Bromine water can be used to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes.

36
Q

alcohols reaction

A

lcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions.

37
Q

halogenalkane reactions

A

halogenoalkanes are more reactive than alkanes. They can undergo (nucleophilic) substitution reactions.
A nucleophile is an electron-rich species containing a lone pair that it donates to an electron-deficient carbon.

38
Q

benzene reactions

A

benzene does not readily undergo addition reactions but does undergo electrophilic substitution reactions.

39
Q

substitution reaction definition

A

Reaction in which one atom or functional group replaces another. Usually involves saturated or aromatic compounds.

40
Q

addition reaction definition

A

Reaction where two reactants combine to make a single product. Usually involves a reactant molecule with a multiple bond, such as C=C or C=O.

41
Q

What are capable of forming a new covalent bond to an atom?

A

free radicals, nucleophiles or electrophiles

42
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Neutral reactive species that contain a lone electron.

The product of homolytic fission; participating in chain reactions.

43
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

lectron-rich species having at least one lone pair of electrons – can also have a negative charge (−) or a partial negative charge (δ−).
Attracted to electron-deficient regions of target molecules – examples are negatively charged or have a at least one lone pair of electrons.
Examples are. Cl−, OH−, H2O: and :NH3.

44
Q

What are electrophiles?

A 
Electron-deficient species having a positive charge (+) or a partial
positive charge (δ+).
Attracted to electron-rich regions of target molecules.
45
Q

Depicting bond breakage

A

Covalent bonds are broken during reactions by the movement of electrons. Bonds may be broken by homolytic or heterolytic fission.

46
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Is when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of bonding electrons between the two products

47
Q

What are the products of homolytic fission?

A

two free radicals, each having an unpaired electron

48
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products

49
Q

products of heterolytic fission?

A

two oppositely charged ions

50
Q

Physical properties of alkanes

A
  • do not dissolve in polar solvents, such as water
  • molecules are held together by weak London (dispersion) forces
  • the longer the molecules, the greater the attraction between them
  • the molecules of branched alkanes are more compact (smaller surface area), so the London (dispersion) forces are weaker than the equivalent straight chain isomer
51
Q

The greater the surface area of contact……

A

the greater the strength of London (dispersion) forces between alkanes (and other similar molecules)

52
Q

Chemical properties of alkanes

A
  • chemically unreactive with reagents in aqueous solution, such as acids and alkalis, as well as oxidizing and reducing agents because of the relatively high bond enthalpies for C–C and C–H bonds and the low polarity of the C–H bond
  • molecules will be non-polar or have very low polarity
53
Q

what is an example of a radical chain reaction?

A

halogenation of alkanes

54
Q

addition reactions of alkenes

A

Under suitable conditions, addition reactions occur with hydrogen (hydrogenation), water (in the form of steam) (hydration), halogens (halogenation) and hydrogen halides (hydrohalogenation)
Alkene molecules can bond to each other via addition reactions to form polymers.
Alkenes are unsaturated and their addition products are saturated.

55
Q

Examples of addition reactions

A
  • Bromination
  • Hydration
  • Hydrogenation
56
Q

Bromination

A

Bromine forms an orange molecular solution in water or non-polar solvents. When a solution of bromine is added and shaken to an alkene the product is colourless. The decolourization of bromine solution provides a useful test for unsaturation. If the reactant is unsaturated the orange colour will remain.

57
Q

Hydration

A

Ethene is an industrially important product formed during the cracking of crude oil.
Ethanol for industrial use is formed by the hydration of ethene by steam.

58
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The addition of molecular hydrogen to unsaturated oils is used on the industrial scale to make margarine. Hydrogenation reduces the number of carbon–carbon double bonds in polyunsaturated oils with the formation of a semi-solid saturated or less unsaturated product.

59
Q

Physical properties of alcohols

A
  • have significantly higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of similar molar mass
  • there is intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydroxyl groups, –OH
  • boiling point increases with molar mass since the increasing number of electrons leads to stronger London (dispersion) forces
  • boiling point decreases with branching due to the reduction in surface area
  • smaller alcohols are soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules
  • solubility of alcohols decreases as the size of the
    alkyl group increases which increases the hydrophobic nature and reduces the molecular polarity
60
Q

when does complete oxidation of alcohols occur?

A

oxidation of alcohols occurs on combustion in the presence of excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Alcohols may be used as fuels.

61
Q

How are esters formed?

A

when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are warmed in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

  • This acts as a dehydrating agent and supplies protons which act as a catalyst. The formation of an ester is known as esterification and is an example of a condensation reaction.
  • Esters are used as flavours, solvents and fragrances.
62
Q

What do halogen alkanes react with?

A

a wide range of nucleophiles

63
Q

How do halogen alkanes react w nucleophiles?

A

The lone pair of electrons is attracted to the partially positive (electron-deficient) carbon atom in the C–X bond of a halogen. The halogen is substituted by the nucleophile which forms a new covalent bond to the carbon atom attacked.
Halogenoalkanes (R–X) undergo substitution when reacted with warm dilute alkali (hydroxide ions). The reaction with hydroxide ions is known as hydrolysis and an alcohol is formed.

64
Q

what do the properties of polymers depend on?

A
  • chain length, strength of intermolecular forces between chains, degree of chain branching (if present) and crystallinity.
65
Q

When does addition polymerization occur?

A

when a monomer joins to another (usually identical) monomer by an addition reaction. This type of polymerization occurs with alkenes, such as ethene and other molecules containing
a carbon–carbon double bond, such as chloroethene and tetrafluoroethene

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