TOPIC 1 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
Large network of organs, white blood cells, proteins (complement system and antibodies) and chemicals (LYSOZYMES)
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ROLES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Defending body against infection
- Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
- Defending the body against the development of tumors
FACTORS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:
- Age (decrease)
- Newborn (low)
- Immunocompromised (prone to infection)
Processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
IMMUNITY
What are the processes that occur to defend the body againts antigens
- Inflammation
- Complement activation
- Phagocytosis
- Antibody synthesis
- Effector T lymphocytes
The body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
Immune response
3 Types of Immune Response
- VASCULAR RESPONSE
- CELLULAR RESPONSE
- RESOLUTION AND REPAIR
STAGES OF INFLAMMATION
- Rubor – redness
- Calor – Heat
- Dolor – Pain
- Tumor – Swelling
- Functio Laesa – Loss of function
MAJOR EVENTS THAT OCCUR AFTER TISSUE INJURY
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Migration of WBC
Migration of macrophage
Acute Phase Reactants
dilation of blood vessels (Increase in blood supply) causes the release of HISTAMINE
Vasodilation
contraction of endothelial cells allowing fluid in the plasma to leak into the tissues
Increase permeability
movement of WBC into the injured area
Migration of WBC
movement of Macrophage to the injured area
Migration of Macrophage
stimulates Phagocytosis (Example: C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Acute Phase Reactants
Types of Immunity
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
The first and second line of defense of the body
Innate Immunity
It Responds non-specifically to certain patterns found on pathogens
No memory response
INNATE IMMUNITY
Non-specific Resistance and Present at birth and genetically determined and no memory response
INNATE IMMUNITY
The third line of defense of the body
Adaptive Immunity
What are the 3 first line of defense
Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Biological barrier
What are the physical barriers
- Intact or unbroken skin
- Mucus
- Cerumen
- Sebum
What are the Chemical barriers
- Acidity of stomach
- Lysozyme (present in saliva and tears)
What are the biological barrier
Normal Flora
What are the 3 second line of defense
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Complement system
these are groups of protein in the second line of defense
complement system
Cell eating
phagocytosis
what are the 3 pathways of the complement system
Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Mannose binding lectin pathway
Steps in Phagocytosis
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Fusion
Digestion and destruction
what are the 2 components of the second line of defense
Humoral components
Cellular components
initiated as a result of tissue damage
Initiation
movement of cells (WBC) process by which cells tend to move in a certain direction
Chemotaxis
Receptors of the innate immune system (recognized by PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERN (PAMP)
adherence
Receptors of the innate immune system recognized by?
PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERN (PAMP)
iprocess of engulfment for encapsulated bacteria
Opsonization
speed up process/ must be present to engulf bacteria
Opsonization
either antibody or complement
Opsonization
phagocytes engulf foreign matter through PSEUDOPOD FORMATION
Engulfment
phagocytes engulf foreign matter through
PSEUDOPOD FORMATION
Steps in phagosome formation
Engulfment -> phagocyte -> lysozyme present inside macropahge -> phagocyte and lysozyme combine -> phagosome
phagocyte and lysozyme combine to become PHAGOSOME
6Fusion
phagocyte and lysozyme combine to become
PHAGOSOME
The bacteria break and macrophage release after breaking bacteria
Digestion and Destruction
What are the Cellular components
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macropahges
Antigen Presenting Cells
Natural killer cell/Null Lymphocyte
What are the Humoral components
Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon
Cellular component for hypersensitivity
Mast cells
Cellular component that is most efficient phagocyte
Neutrophils
Cellular component that is derived from monocytes
Macrophages
Cellular component that is dendritic cells (most potent or efficient APC) and macrophage
Antigen presenting cell
Cellular component that attacks virally infected cells and tumor cells
Natural killer cell/Null lymphocyte
most potent or efficient APC
dendritic cell
macrophage
tears and saliva
LYSOZYME
natural antibiotics and these are group of cytokines (cytokines are the ones that triggers leukocyte (WBC) movement) discovered in virally infected cultured cells that interfere with replication
INTERFERON
Macrophage found in Liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophage found in Brain
Microglial cells
Macrophage found in Kidney
Mesangial cells
Macrophage found in Lungs
Alveolar cells
Macrophage found in Bones
Osteoclasts
Macrophage found in Spleen
Littoral cells
Types of Interferon
Interferon Type 1
Interferon Type 2
Type 1 interferon
Interferon Alpha
Interferon Beta
Type 2 Interferon
Interferon Gamma
Interferon that for viral are infection/inhibit viral infection
Interferon Alpha
Interferon Beta
interferon that increases expression of MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
Interferon Gamma
IFN-a
Interferon type, name, secreted by, function
Type 1
Leukocyte IFN
Leukocytes
Inhibits viral infection
IFN-b
Interferon type, name, secreted by, function
Type 1
Epithelial cell IFN
Firoblasts
Inhibits viral infection
IFN-Y
Interferon type, name, secreted by, function
Type 2
Immune IFN
Th1, NK cells
Increases expression of MHC Class I and II
Types of (adaptive immunity) 3rd line of defense
Passive Immunity
Active Immunity
Types of Passive Immunity
Natural Passive
Artificial passive
Types of Active Immunity
Natural Active
Artificial Active
- Specific or acquired
- Acquired only as a result of prior experience with a foreign substance (you are exposed before you become immune)
- With memory response
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
THE ONLY ONE WITH A THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
the body receives antibody from another person or animal (e.g. vaccination)
PASSIVE Immunity
your body produces its own antibodies
Active Immunity
this is an immunity as a result of transplacental or maternal transfer of antibodies (e.g. colostrum: milk of your mother which is rich in antibodies)
Natural Passive
acquire through injection of immune sera or antitoxin (prophylaxis) (e.g. serum therapy like Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin, Rhogam (administered when mother and baby don’t have the same Rh)
Artificial passive
convalescent immunity that occurs when a person recovers from an infection (e.g. chickenpox)
Natural Active
acquired by vaccination
Artificial Active
2 responses of Adaptive Immunity
Cell Mediated Immunity
Humoral Mediated Immunity
T lymphocytes that (originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus)
Cell Mediated Immunity
B lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow and develops and mature in the bone marrow
Humoral Mediated Immunity
Humoral Mediated Immunity
Mechanism, cell type, mode of action, purpose
Antibody mediated
By lymphocytes
Antibodies in serum
Primary defense againts bacterial infection
Cell Mediated Immunity
Mechanism, cell type, mode of action, purpose
Cell mediated
T lymphocytes
Direct cell to cell
Defense against viral and fungal infections
Types of vaccines
Live, attenuated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Subunit vaccines/conjugate vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
DNA vaccines
Synthetic vaccine
Types of vaccine
These are WEAKENED LIVING MICROBES in the laboratory (e.g. MMR vaccines (Measles, mumps, rubella) strong cellular antigenic
Live, attenuated vaccines
Types of vaccine
DIASEASE CAUSING MICROBES is killed via chemicals, heat, or radiation (e.g. polio vaccines, rabies vaccine; easily stores, weaker cellular and antigenic response)
Inactivated vaccines
Types of vaccine
Include only the ANTIGEN THAT BEST STIMULATES the immune system (e.g. Hepatitis B vaccine, Human papilloma virus vaccine)
Subunit vaccines/conjugate vaccines
Types of vaccine
INACTIVATION OF TOXINS by FORMALIN TREATMENT
Toxoid vaccines
Types of vaccine
EXTRACTED DNA of BACTERIA (not common)
DNA vaccines
Types of vaccine
from GENETICALLY ENGINEERED YEAST CELLS (not common)
Synthetic vaccine
Innate Immunity
Presence at birth, specificity, diversity, memory, physical barriers, humoral factors, cells, key features in pathogen recognition
Present
for structure shraed by groups of microbes
Limited
No
Epitheliall tigh junctions, mucus
Lysozymes, complement, Acute phase reactants, interferons
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Mast cells, NK cells, Monocytes, macrophages
Toll-like receptors
recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS
Adapative Immunity
Presence at birth, specificity, diversity, memory, physical barriers, humoral factors, cells, key features in pathogen recognition
Not present
For specific antigens of microbial and non microbial agents
High
Yes
-
Immunoglobulins
Lymphocytes excepts NK cells
Memory Cells
Activated B and T cells, subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen results to a stronger, quicker immune response
Memory Cells
