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mt > Topic 1: Neuroglia (Bridge) > Flashcards

Topic 1: Neuroglia (Bridge) Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous System is divided into which 2 systems?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of ?

A

Brain and spinal cord (no nerves)

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Everything outside the CNS, ex. nerves
carries afferent info to CNS &
Efferent info from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) - controls skeletal mm.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - controls heart, smooth mm. in viscera, blood vessels and glands

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5
Q

What does the ANS consist of?

A

Parasympathetic NS: “rest and digest” & Vagus Nerve CNX carries most of the parasympathetic output

Sympathetic NS: “Fight or Flight”

Enteric Nervous System (ENS): Controls GI tract

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6
Q

What is another term for neurons?

A

nerve cell bodies

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7
Q

What is another term for nerve fibre

A

Axon

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8
Q

A bundle of axons in the CNS is

A

a tract

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Glia?

A

Glia means glue and Protects and supports neurons (nerve cells)

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10
Q

What type of cells are Schwann cells?

A

Myelin producing cells in the PNS

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11
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

the small gap in between the axon

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12
Q

What is the main purpose of a myelin sheath?

A
  • To increase the speed at which impulse propagates along an axon
  • It also prevents nerve signal leakage into the surrounding interstitial fluid
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13
Q

______ are myelin producing cells in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

T/F: Schwann cells are more fragile than oligodendrocytes

A

False.

Oligodendrocytes are more fragile than Schwann cells

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15
Q

Which CNS disease attacks oligodendrocytes

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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16
Q

Which cells are star-shaped

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

T/F: Astrocytes are the most numerous of the CNS glial cells

A

True

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18
Q

What is the purpose of Astrocytes

A

they provide physical support to the fragile neurons, forming a matrix that keeps neurons in place

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19
Q

_______ have long, highly branched processes which end of the walls of capillaries that contribute to the BBB, altering the permeability of brain capillaries

A

Astrocytes

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20
Q

What severely limits the passage of many harmful substances from blood to the neurons

A

The Blood brain barrier (BBB)

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21
Q

Which substance in excess causes cells to become overexcited and die
What is this process called?

A

Glutamate. This process is called excitotoxicity

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22
Q

T/F: The BBB does not hinder the delivery of many potentially important therapeutic agents to the brain

A

False

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23
Q

_____ is permeable to alcohol, amphetamines and some toxic metals

A

The BBB.

Trauma, radiation, HT and infection can affect BBB efficiency

24
Q

What does the Tripartite Synapse consist of ?

A

Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Astrocyte

25
Q

What does the tripartite synapse contribute to?

A

Neural plasticity

26
Q

What is neuroplasticity ?

A

Structural changes in the brain in response to new situations - behaviour, the environment, thinking emotions as well as changes from bodily injury

27
Q

Chronic pain is an unfortunate product of _______

A

Neural plasticity

28
Q

T/F: Pain process is a complex system that can be up-and down-regulated by a number of different factors

A

True

29
Q

T/F: Satellite glial cells cover the surfaces of ganglia

A

True

30
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

31
Q

What are nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

32
Q

T/F: Satellite glial cells are known to have a similar role to astrocytes in the CNS

A

True

33
Q

What are the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS?

A

Microglia

34
Q

What are the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation ?

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function

35
Q

What is neuroinflammation?

A

may resemble peripheral inflammation in situations such as meningitis, head trauma, autoimmune diseases of the CNS.

Can be used to identify a different event driven by microglia cells,

36
Q

Group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables

A

Flavonoid

37
Q

Name the 3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against bones of the skulls and spine

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater

38
Q

Which is the tough fibrous outer layer?

A

Dura

39
Q

Which mater has two layers?

A

Dura. The outer layer anchors the dura to the skull

40
Q

Which layer is the delicate fibrous spider web-like network of collagen fibers?

A

Arachnoid membrane

41
Q

The arachnoid layer extends from the ______ to the _______

A

Dura mater to pia mater

42
Q

Which is the inner, delicate, vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adhere to the brain

A

Pia mater

43
Q

Which cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

44
Q

What is the CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid.
Acts to less the impact of a blow to the head
Serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain

45
Q

Which sinuses carry reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck?

A

Dural sinuses aka cranial sinuses

46
Q

____ are found between the two layers of dura mater

A

Dural sinuses

47
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

CSF builds up within the ventricles

48
Q

Hematoma can occur in which spaces of the skull

A

Subdural and epidural

49
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

A localized mass of extravasated blood, usually clotted

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a cerebral hematoma?

A

Severe headache, deterioration of consciousness and motor dysfxn

51
Q

which artery is very susceptible to injury?

A

Middle meningeal

52
Q

Which type of hematoma is more common in elderly?

A

Subdural hematoma
because of brain shrinkage that occurs with aging. The shrinkage stretches and weakens the bridging veins. and are more likely to break in the elderly, even after a minor head injury

53
Q

What is chronic subdural hamtoma?

A

An ‘old’ collection of blood and blood breakdown products b/w the surface of the brain and the dura. Blood leaks from the veins slowly over time

54
Q

Name the Neuroglia in the CNS

A

Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

55
Q

Name the Neuroglia in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

mt (8 decks)

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