Topic 1: Neuroglia (Bridge)

Question 1

The Nervous System is divided into which 2 systems?

Answer 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 2

What does the CNS consist of ?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord (no nerves)

Question 3

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 3

Everything outside the CNS, ex. nerves
carries afferent info to CNS &
Efferent info from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

Question 4

What are the divisions of the PNS?

Answer 4

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) - controls skeletal mm.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - controls heart, smooth mm. in viscera, blood vessels and glands

Question 5

What does the ANS consist of?

Answer 5

Parasympathetic NS: “rest and digest” & Vagus Nerve CNX carries most of the parasympathetic output

Sympathetic NS: “Fight or Flight”

Enteric Nervous System (ENS): Controls GI tract

Question 6

What is another term for neurons?

Answer 6

nerve cell bodies

Question 7

What is another term for nerve fibre

Answer 7

Axon

Question 8

A bundle of axons in the CNS is

Answer 8

a tract

Question 9

What is the purpose of Glia?

Answer 9

Glia means glue and Protects and supports neurons (nerve cells)

Question 10

What type of cells are Schwann cells?

Answer 10

Myelin producing cells in the PNS

Question 11

What is the node of Ranvier?

Answer 11

the small gap in between the axon

Question 12

What is the main purpose of a myelin sheath?

Answer 12

• To increase the speed at which impulse propagates along an axon
• It also prevents nerve signal leakage into the surrounding interstitial fluid

Question 13

______ are myelin producing cells in the CNS

Answer 13

Oligodendrocytes

Question 14

T/F: Schwann cells are more fragile than oligodendrocytes

Answer 14

False.

Oligodendrocytes are more fragile than Schwann cells

Question 15

Which CNS disease attacks oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 16

Which cells are star-shaped

Answer 16

Astrocytes

Question 17

T/F: Astrocytes are the most numerous of the CNS glial cells

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the purpose of Astrocytes

Answer 18

they provide physical support to the fragile neurons, forming a matrix that keeps neurons in place

Question 19

_______ have long, highly branched processes which end of the walls of capillaries that contribute to the BBB, altering the permeability of brain capillaries

Answer 19

Astrocytes

Question 20

What severely limits the passage of many harmful substances from blood to the neurons

Answer 20

The Blood brain barrier (BBB)

Question 21

Which substance in excess causes cells to become overexcited and die
What is this process called?

Answer 21

Glutamate. This process is called excitotoxicity

Question 22

T/F: The BBB does not hinder the delivery of many potentially important therapeutic agents to the brain

Answer 22

False

Question 23

_____ is permeable to alcohol, amphetamines and some toxic metals

Answer 23

The BBB.

Trauma, radiation, HT and infection can affect BBB efficiency

Question 24

What does the Tripartite Synapse consist of ?

Answer 24

Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Astrocyte

Question 25

What does the tripartite synapse contribute to?

Answer 25

Neural plasticity

Question 26

What is neuroplasticity ?

Answer 26

Structural changes in the brain in response to new situations - behaviour, the environment, thinking emotions as well as changes from bodily injury

Question 27

Chronic pain is an unfortunate product of _______

Answer 27

Neural plasticity

Question 28

T/F: Pain process is a complex system that can be up-and down-regulated by a number of different factors

Answer 28

True

Question 29

T/F: Satellite glial cells cover the surfaces of ganglia

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What are ganglia?

Answer 30

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Question 31

What are nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?

Answer 31

Nuclei

Question 32

T/F: Satellite glial cells are known to have a similar role to astrocytes in the CNS

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS?

Answer 33

Microglia

Question 34

What are the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation ?

Answer 34

Pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function

Question 35

What is neuroinflammation?

Answer 35

may resemble peripheral inflammation in situations such as meningitis, head trauma, autoimmune diseases of the CNS. Can be used to identify a different event driven by microglia cells,

Question 36

Group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables

Answer 36

Flavonoid

Question 37

Name the 3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against bones of the skulls and spine

Answer 37

Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater

Question 38

Which is the tough fibrous outer layer?

Answer 38

Dura

Question 39

Which mater has two layers?

Answer 39

Dura. The outer layer anchors the dura to the skull

Question 40

Which layer is the delicate fibrous spider web-like network of collagen fibers?

Answer 40

Arachnoid membrane

Question 41

The arachnoid layer extends from the ______ to the _______

Answer 41

Dura mater to pia mater

Question 42

Which is the inner, delicate, vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adhere to the brain

Answer 42

Pia mater

Question 43

Which cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

Answer 43

Ependymal cells

Question 44

What is the CSF?

Answer 44

Cerebrospinal fluid. Acts to less the impact of a blow to the head Serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain

Question 45

Which sinuses carry reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck?

Answer 45

Dural sinuses aka cranial sinuses

Question 46

____ are found between the two layers of dura mater

Answer 46

Dural sinuses

Question 47

What is hydrocephalus

Answer 47

CSF builds up within the ventricles

Question 48

Hematoma can occur in which spaces of the skull

Answer 48

Subdural and epidural

Question 49

What is a hematoma?

Answer 49

A localized mass of extravasated blood, usually clotted

Question 50

What are the symptoms of a cerebral hematoma?

Answer 50

Severe headache, deterioration of consciousness and motor dysfxn

Question 51

which artery is very susceptible to injury?

Answer 51

Middle meningeal

Question 52

Which type of hematoma is more common in elderly?

Answer 52

Subdural hematoma because of brain shrinkage that occurs with aging. The shrinkage stretches and weakens the bridging veins. and are more likely to break in the elderly, even after a minor head injury

Question 53

What is chronic subdural hamtoma?

Answer 53

An 'old' collection of blood and blood breakdown products b/w the surface of the brain and the dura. Blood leaks from the veins slowly over time

Question 54

Name the Neuroglia in the CNS

Answer 54

Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia

Question 55

Name the Neuroglia in the PNS

Answer 55

Schwann cells | Satellite cells