Topic 1: Motivation

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The tendancy to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment in the body

Question 2

Needs

Answer 2

Conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life, and the nurturance of growth and well-being

Question 3

Drive

Answer 3

An aroused state of psychological tension that typically arises from a need

Question 4

Goal

Answer 4

A desired result or possible outcome that a person plans and commits to achieve

Question 5

Goal-Directed behavior

Answer 5

A specific pattern of behavior, associated with a particular kind of motivation and elicit by a specific environmental stimuli

Question 6

Satiation

Answer 6

The reduction of motivated behavior following the achievement of a goal.

Question 7

Motivated behavior

Answer 7

Include the major behavioral processes: the arousal of drive, goal directed activity and satiation

Question 8

Experimental study of motivation requires:

Answer 8

1. measuremnet of drive or the itensity of motivated behavior
2. Analysis and measurment of goals, their effectiveness and their modifiability through learning
3. Specification of the conditions under which satiation will occur

Question 9

Motivation

Answer 9

A condition that energizes behaviour and gives it direction

Question 10

Drive theories

Answer 10

Emphasize the role of internal factor in motivation

Question 11

Incentive theories

Answer 11

Emphasize the motivational role of external events or objects of desire.(food,money)
Incentives are the objects of motivation

Question 12

Primary reinforces

Answer 12

Are able to act as a reward independently of prior learning

Question 13

Secondary reinforces

Answer 13

Thet have gained their status as reward at least partly through learning about their relationship to other events.
Learningis crucial to the formation of secondary reininforces

Question 14

What is a great deal of basic motivation directed towards?

Answer 14

Helping to maintain our internal balance

Question 15

What does emotion and motivation also influence?

Answer 15

Our thoughts, feelings, dreams and aspirations

Question 16

What allows people to become complex adaptive systems?

Answer 16

Changes in hunger, stress and mastery motivation

Question 17

What do motivation and emotions allow people to do?

Answer 17

Provides tremendous resources that allow people to adapt to these environmental changes

Question 18

What are the four processes that give behaviour strength and purpose?

Answer 18

Needs, cognitions, emotions and external events

Question 19

Set point

Answer 19

The value that the homestatic system tries to maintain

Question 20

Incentive salience

Answer 20

Meaning that these objects and events have become linked with anticipated affect, which grabs our attention and steers our seeking behavior

Question 21

Wanting

Answer 21

Appears to have evolved as a way for the brain to guide action an the future by keeping track of the good or bad consequences of past actions

Question 22

3 major factors operate together to make psychoactive drugs more addictive:

Answer 22

1. Ability to overactivate systems in the brain
2. Ability to produce unpleasant withdrawl sympthoms
3. May produce permanent changes in brain inactive systems that causes cravings

Question 23

Tolerance

Answer 23

The need for a greater amount of drug to achieve the same euphoria

Question 24

Withdrawl

Answer 24

An intensely aversive reaction to the cessation of drug abuse

Question 25

Neural sensitization

Answer 25

These dopamine neurons will be activated more highly by trugs and drug-related stimuli

Question 26

Basic behavioral measures of motivation

Answer 26

General activity, Consummatory behavior, Obstruction method, Competition among drives, andLearning & learned performannce