Topic 1: Motivation Flashcards
Homeostasis
The tendancy to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment in the body
Needs
Conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life, and the nurturance of growth and well-being
Drive
An aroused state of psychological tension that typically arises from a need
Goal
A desired result or possible outcome that a person plans and commits to achieve
Goal-Directed behavior
A specific pattern of behavior, associated with a particular kind of motivation and elicit by a specific environmental stimuli
Satiation
The reduction of motivated behavior following the achievement of a goal.
Motivated behavior
Include the major behavioral processes: the arousal of drive, goal directed activity and satiation
Experimental study of motivation requires:
- measuremnet of drive or the itensity of motivated behavior
- Analysis and measurment of goals, their effectiveness and their modifiability through learning
- Specification of the conditions under which satiation will occur
Motivation
A condition that energizes behaviour and gives it direction
Drive theories
Emphasize the role of internal factor in motivation
Incentive theories
Emphasize the motivational role of external events or objects of desire.(food,money)
Incentives are the objects of motivation
Primary reinforces
Are able to act as a reward independently of prior learning
Secondary reinforces
Thet have gained their status as reward at least partly through learning about their relationship to other events.
Learningis crucial to the formation of secondary reininforces
What is a great deal of basic motivation directed towards?
Helping to maintain our internal balance
What does emotion and motivation also influence?
Our thoughts, feelings, dreams and aspirations
What allows people to become complex adaptive systems?
Changes in hunger, stress and mastery motivation
What do motivation and emotions allow people to do?
Provides tremendous resources that allow people to adapt to these environmental changes
What are the four processes that give behaviour strength and purpose?
Needs, cognitions, emotions and external events
Set point
The value that the homestatic system tries to maintain
Incentive salience
Meaning that these objects and events have become linked with anticipated affect, which grabs our attention and steers our seeking behavior
Wanting
Appears to have evolved as a way for the brain to guide action an the future by keeping track of the good or bad consequences of past actions
3 major factors operate together to make psychoactive drugs more addictive:
- Ability to overactivate systems in the brain
- Ability to produce unpleasant withdrawl sympthoms
- May produce permanent changes in brain inactive systems that causes cravings
Tolerance
The need for a greater amount of drug to achieve the same euphoria
Withdrawl
An intensely aversive reaction to the cessation of drug abuse
Neural sensitization
These dopamine neurons will be activated more highly by trugs and drug-related stimuli
Basic behavioral measures of motivation
General activity, Consummatory behavior, Obstruction method, Competition among drives, andLearning & learned performannce
