TOPIC 1 - MICROSCOPE Flashcards by Luis Manuel Ramos

An optical instrument used for viewing small objects.

Microscope

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A device that uses lenses to make very small objects look larger.

Microscope

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Part of microscope: The part that is looked through at the top of the compound microscope.

Eyepiece (ocular lens)

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What is the typical magnification of eyepiece?

5x - 30x

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Part of microscope: Structural support that holds and connects the eyepieces to the objective lenses.

Monocular/Binocular Head

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Part of microscope: Supports the microscope head and attaches it to the base.

Arm

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Part of microscope: Holds the objective lenses and attaches them to the microscope head; rotates to change which objective lens is active.

Nosepiece

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Part of microscope: Bottom base of microscope that houses the illumination and support the compound microscope.

Base

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What are the common magnification of objective lenses of microscope?

4x, 10x, and 100x

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The object used to hold the specimen in place along with slide covers for viewing.

Specimen/slide

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Part of microscope: The platform upon which the specimen or slide is placed.

Stage/Platform

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Part of microscope: Clips on the stage that hold the slide in place on the mechanical stage.

Stage clips

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The measure of its ability to gather light and to resolve fine specimen details while working at a fixed object (or specimen) distance.

Aperture

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Part of microscope: Circular opening in the stage where the illumination from the base of the compound microscope reaches the platform of the stage.

Disc/Iris Diaphragm

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Part of microscope; This lens condenses the light from the base illumination and focuses it onto the stage.

Abbe Condenser

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Part of microscope: This piece of the compound microscope sits below the stage and typically acts as a structural support that connects the stage to the arm or frame of the microscope.

Abbe Condenser

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Part of microscope: Adjusts the focus of the microscope.

Coarse/fine adjustment knobs

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Part of microscope: Adjusts the position of the mechanical stage vertically and horizontally.

Stage height adjustment

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Part of microscope: Reflects light into the base of the microscope.

Mirror

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Light used to illuminate the slide or specimen from the base of the microscope.

Illumination

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What is the most commonly used source of illumination for compound microscopes?

Low voltage halogen bulbs

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Part of microscope: Knob used to adjust the amount of light that reaches the specimen or slide from the base illumination.

Bottom Lens/Field Diaphragm

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What are the 3 types of microscope?

Light microscope/optical microscope
Electron microscope
Stereo microscope

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This type of microscope uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples.

Light/Optical microscope

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Among the 3 types of microscopes, which is the oldest-designed?

Light/Optical microscope (17th century)

In light microscope, specimens such as bacteria, cells, other microbial particles can be seen. True or False?

True

The microscopic magnification of this type of microscope varies greatly depending on the types and number of lenses that make up the microscope.

Light microscope

What are the 2 types of light microscope?

1. Simple light microscope 2. Compound light microscope

This type of light microscope has low magnification because it uses a single lens.

Simple light microscope

This type of light microscope has a higher magnification compared to the simple microscope because it uses at least 2 sets of lenses, an objective lens, and an eyepiece.

Compound light microscope

What are the 2 variations of light microscope?

1. Bright Field LM 2. Phase contrast microscope

This variation of light microscope are used in microlaboratories which produces a dark image against a bright background.

Bright Field LM/Compound LM

This variation of light microscope produces high contrast images when using a transparent specimen.

Phase contrast microscope

In phase contrast microscope, the small light deviations known as ___ ___ occur during light penetration into the unstained specimen.

Phase shifts

In phase contrast microscope, these phase shifts are converted into the image. True or False?

True

These are the unstained cells viewed in phase contrast microscope.

Phase objects

What are the 3 applications of phase contrast microscope?

1. Determine morphologies of living cells such as plant and animal cells. 2. Studying microbial motility and structures of locomotion. 3. To detect certain microbial elements such as the bacterial endospores.

A specialized type of bright field light microscope that has several similarities to the phase contrast microscope.

Dark-Field LM

In this light microscope, it makes the surrounding field of the specimen appear black while specimen will appear illuminated.

Dark-Field LM

In this type of light microscope, the specimen emits light by adding a dye molecule to the specimen.

Fluorescence Light Microscope

In fluorescence LM, the dye molecule is normally?

Fluorochrome

In fluorescent LM, they have a ___ ___ ___ ___ that produces an intense beam of light that passes through an exciter filter.

Mercury vapor arc lamp

In fluorescent LM, the ___ ___ functions to transmit a specific wavelength to the fluorochrome stained specimen, producing the fluorochrome-labeled image, at the objective.

Exciter filter

What are the 4 applications of fluorescent microscope?

❖ In the visualization of bacterial agents such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis ❖ To identify specific antibodies produced against bacterial antigens/pathogens in immunofluorescence techniques by labeling the antibodies with fluorochromes ❖ Ecological studies to identify and observe microorganisms labeled by the fluorochromes ❖ To differentiate between dead and live bacteria by the color they emit when treated with special stains

What causes refraction?

When a ray of light passes through one medium into another, the ray then bends at the interface, causing refraction.

Type of microscope that attains extremely high resolution using an electron beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.

Electron microscope

Electron microscope can not magnify objects in nanometers. True or False?

False

In electron microscope, it requires the electron beam to be in a vacuum. True or False?

True

Electrons can ordinarily travel an appreciable distance in air at atmospheric pressure. True or False?

False, can not.

Electron microscope uses signals arising from the interaction of an ___ ___ with the sample to obtain information about structure, morphology, and composition.

electron beam

In electron microscope, what generates electrons?

Electron gun

In electron microscope, to move electrons down the column, an accelerating voltage is needed which is at?

between 100 kV - 1000 kV

The unit ___ is the measurement of electrical potential or voltage.

The specimen to be examined in electron microscope is made extremely thin, at least ___ times thinner than those used in the optical microscope.

200

What are the applications of electron microscope?

➢ Used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens. ➢ Industrially, often used for quality control and failure analysis. ➢ Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the images. ➢ Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the images. ➢ The science of microbiology owes its development to the electron microscope. The study of microorganisms like bacteria, virus, and other pathogens have made the treatment of disease very effective.

What are the advantages of electron microscope?

★ Very high magnification ★ Incredibly high resolution ★ Material rarely distorted by preparation ★ It is possible to investigate a greater depth of field ★ Diverse applications

What are the limitations of electron microscope?

* The live specimen cannot be observed. * As the penetration power of the electron beam is very low, the object should be ultra-thin. For this, the specimen is dried and cut into ultra-thin sections before observation. * As the EM works in a vacuum, the specimen should be completely dry. * Expensive to build and maintain * Requiring researcher training * Image artifacts resulting from specimen preparation. * This type of microscope is large, cumbersome extremely sensitive to vibration and external magnetic fields.

What are the 2 types of electron microscope?

1. Transmission Electron Microscopy 2. Scanning Electron Microscopy

Type of electron microscope that is analogous in many ways to the conventional light microscope.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

This type of electron microscope is used among other things, to image the interior of cells (in thin sections), the structure of protein molecules in viruses and cytoskeletal filaments, and the arrangement of protein molecules in cell membranes.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Type of electron microscope that is designed for directly studying the surfaces of solid objects, that utilizes a beam of focused electrons of relatively low energy as an electron probe that is scanned in a regular manner over the specimen.

Scanning Electron Microscope

No elaborate specimen-preparation techniques are required for examination in the SEM, and large and bulky specimens may be accommodated. True or False?

True

The resolution of scanning electron microscope instruments can range from ___ nanometer up to several nanometers.

< 1/less than 1

An optical microscope that provides a 3-dimensional view of a specimen.

Stereo Microscope

Other name for stereo microscope

Dissecting microscope

There is one optical path present in stereo microscope. True or False?

False, 2 optical paths.

What is the typical magnification range of stereo microscope?

10x - 50x

This part of stereo microscope compensates for the focusing differences between the left and right eye.

Diopter setting

In stereo microscope, the image is upside down and backward. True or False?

False, the image is upright.

What are the common specimens/things that can be viewed under stereo microscope?

Opaque objects like coins, fossils, mineral specimens, insects, flowers